https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/bienvenido-a-la-rcp-para-estudiantes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1261.mp4 Bienvenido a la RCP para estudiantes Estamos muy emocionados de darte esta oportunidad para aprender RCP y primeros auxilios sin costo, porque como instructor de clase y como un paramédico de la calle, Sabía que algunos de los mejores rescatistas que teníamos en la sociedad eran personas como tú. Eres lo suficientemente fuerte para hacer RCP y primeros auxilios, eres lo suficientemente valiente para participar, y te preocupas lo suficiente para ayudar. Así que lo único que queda por hacer para hacerte un verdadero rescatador es entrenarte. Así que empecemos. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2195/student-cpr-introduction.jpg Yes 57 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/cinco-temores-parte-1-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2017.mp4 Los cinco temores La mayoría de las personas son muy reacias a involucrarse en proveer CPR y Primeros Auxilios. La razón principal de esta reticencia es el miedo. La gente tiende a tener cinco temores relacionados con el rescate. 1. Demandas judiciales: No tengas miedo de intentar salvar una vida que necesite ahorrar debido al temor de ser demandado. Cada estado tiene leyes del Buen Samaritano que le protegen de la responsabilidad cuando usted voluntariamente proporciona ayuda de emergencia a otro individuo. No se puede herir a alguien que ya está en peligro de morir haciendo algo para salvar sus vidas. 2. No está seguro de las habilidades: Entender que la RCP sólo ralentiza el progreso de la muerte clínica a la muerte biológica, pero no lo detendrá! Sabemos que cualquier combinación de números durante las respiraciones de rescate a las compresiones ayudará a ganar tiempo para que el EMS use un AED y ACLS para administrar medicamentos. Los números son pautas, no la regla. (Lo cual es parte de la razón por la cual la RCP de manos únicas se ha convertido en una alternativa tan popular para rescatar la respiración). 3. Puede herir o matar al paciente: Esto va de la mano con el número dos. La persona ya está muerta. ¿Cuánto peor puede hacer el paciente físicamente? Incluso la Reanimación Cardiopulmonar es mejor que no hacer nada. Sólo ayudará a la persona a hacer algo en lugar de nada. 4. Enfermedad: Este temor ha existido desde hace algún tiempo y se puede resolver ordenando un anillo de llave u otro escudo accesible de RCP y guantes protectores. De esta forma, siempre estás preparado para las peores circunstancias. La RCP con manos solamente puede ser una buena alternativa si no tiene equipo de protección personal o si no se siente cómodo dando respiraciones de rescate. 5. Escena Insegura: El único temor que los rescatistas deben tener miedo es el miedo de una escena insegura. No te conviertas en otro paciente. Asegúrese de que, si va a entrar en un área para rescatar a alguien, que el área circundante es lo suficientemente seguro para que no se convierta en otra víctima. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3595/five-fears-part-1-2015.jpg Yes 308 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/adulto-rcp-rescatista-lego-comunidad-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2023.mp4 RCP en adultos La RCP para adultos se realiza comprobando la capacidad de respuesta del paciente, la respiración anormal y el contacto con los servicios de emergencia. A continuación, compruebe si hay un pulso durante 10 segundos como máximo y comience la RCP si el paciente no tiene pulso. Realice 30 compresiones a una velocidad de 100-120 por minuto ya una profundidad de 2-2.4 pulgadas en el centro del pecho. Estas 30 compresiones deben ser seguidas de dos respiraciones de rescate, y repetir el ciclo hasta que llegue un DEA o servicios de emergencia. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3605/adult-cpr-lay-rescuer-community-2015.jpg Yes 216 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/dea-nino-primeros-auxilios-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2027.mp4 DEA en niños Compruebe la capacidad de respuesta del paciente, póngase en contacto con los servicios de emergencia y compruebe si hay un pulso. Encienda el DEA si el paciente no está respirando normalmente. Adjunte las almohadillas DEA al paciente, y no toque al paciente mientras se analiza el DEA. Después de un choque se entrega, comenzar la RCP durante unos 5 ciclos o dos minutos. El DEA se interrumpirá después de dos minutos y volverá a analizar al paciente. Siga las instrucciones del DEA hasta que llegue el soporte de vida avanzado. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3613/child-aed-fa-2015.jpg Yes 250 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/precauciones-universales-lugar-de-trabajo-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2020.mp4 Precauciones universales en el lugar de trabajo Siga las Precauciones Estándar. Al igual que las Precauciones Universales que incluyen la identificación de sangre y algunos fluidos corporales como el potencial de contener patógenos transmitidos por la sangre, las Precauciones Estándar significan tratar toda la sangre, fluidos corporales, piel intacta (como abrasiones, espinillas o llagas abiertas) (Dentro de los ojos, la boca, la nariz) como si pudieran llevar patógenos transmitidos por la sangre y enfermedades infecciosas. Esto incluye prácticas seguras de inyección, manipulación segura de equipo o superficies potencialmente contaminadas en el ambiente del paciente y etiqueta respiratoria o de tos. La clave es eliminar la exposición a toda la sangre, fluidos corporales y otros materiales potencialmente infecciosos. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3601/reduce-risk-of-bloodborne-pathogens-2015.jpg Yes 338 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/ataques-cardiacos-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2018.mp4 Ataques cardiacos Es importante reconocer el problema antes de que el corazón se detenga. Usted puede notar signos y síntomas como sudoración, dificultad para respirar, dolor en el pecho y náuseas. Lo mejor que puedes hacer es prevenir un ataque al corazón. La enfermedad cardiovascular es el asesino número uno en América y es lo que conduce a ataques al corazón. Puede prevenir enfermedades cardiovasculares con una dieta saludable, ejercicio regular, controlar el estrés, controlar la diabetes, controlar la presión arterial alta y dejar de fumar. Si cree que alguien está teniendo un ataque al corazón, llame al 911 inmediatamente. Es importante sentarle y tranquilizarlo para reducir su nivel de ansiedad hasta que llegue la ayuda. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3597/heart-attacks-2015.jpg Yes 477 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/rcp-ninos-pro-primeros-auxilios-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2024.mp4 RCP en niños Si un niño no responde y no está respirando, comience la RCP. Realizar compresiones torácicas con una mano en el centro del pecho durante treinta compresiones. Estas compresiones deben realizarse a una profundidad de por lo menos 1/3 de la profundidad del pecho. Dar dos respiraciones más, seguido por 30 compresiones, y repetir hasta que el niño revive o un DEA está disponible, o avanzado soporte de vida llega. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3607/child-cpr-profa-2015.jpg Yes 222 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/respiracion-agonica-no-respirar-normalmente-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2022.mp4 Respiración agónica (no respirar normalmente) Un signo de parada cardiaca se describe como respiración agonal. Esto ocurre cuando una persona está haciendo un jadeo o tragarse el movimiento y no está respirando normalmente. La respiración agónica ocurre en el 40% de los paros cardiacos tempranos. Saber cuándo una persona es respiratoria agonal puede prevenir intentos agresivos de RCP. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3603/agonal-respiration-not-breathing-normally-2015.jpg Yes 92 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/adulto-dea-rescatista-lego-comunidad-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2026.mp4 DEA en adultos Si el paciente es un paro cardiaco presenciado, compruebe primero para asegurar que la escena es segura. Compruebe la capacidad de respuesta del paciente y póngase en contacto con los servicios de emergencia. Compruebe si hay un pulso durante no más de 10 segundos. Encienda el DEA si el paciente no tiene pulso y no respira. Adjunte las almohadillas AED al paciente, y no toque al paciente mientras se analiza el DEA. Después de un choque se entrega, comenzar la RCP durante unos 5 ciclos o dos minutos. El DEA se interrumpirá después de dos minutos y volverá a analizar al paciente. Siga las instrucciones del AED hasta que llegue el soporte de vida avanzado. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3611/adult-aed-lay-rescuer-community-2015.jpg Yes 244 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/conclusion-rcp-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2039.mp4 Conclusión ¡Felicitaciones por completar su programa ProTrainings! Ahora usted está listo para tomar su prueba. Vea este video para obtener más información sobre nuestros servicios de soporte adicionales y productos diseñados pensando en usted. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3637/conclusion-2015.jpg Yes 87 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/sangrado-arterial-nino-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2036.mp4 Sangrado arterial El sangrado arterial se caracteriza por una sangre roja más brillante que puede palpitar o chorro. Aplique presión directa con un vendaje. Si hay fugas de sangre, aplique más apósitos en la parte superior. Nunca quite un vendaje. Una vez que el sangrado está bajo control, use gasa de rodillo para asegurar el vendaje, comenzando en el extremo distal y trabajando hacia el corazón. Usted puede girar la gasa para aplicar más presión. Asegúrese de que la sangre no esté goteando y que el vendaje no tenga efecto de torniquete. Eleve la herida y llame a EMS o lleve al paciente al hospital más cercano. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3631/arterial-bleeding-child-2015.jpg Yes 236 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/cpr-adulto-comunidad-rescatista-lego-practica https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2111.mp4 Práctica: RCP en adultos Aprenda a dar CPR a un adulto que está inconsciente y no respira observando el procedimiento realizado en un maniquí. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3781/adult-cpr-community-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 118 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/cpr-nino-rescatista-lego-practica https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2112.mp4 Práctica: RCP en niños Aprenda a darle RCP a un niño que está inconsciente y no respira observando el procedimiento realizado en un maniquí. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3783/child-cpr-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 80 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/asfixia-adulto-inconsciente-rescatista-lego-practica https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2118.mp4 Práctica: Asfixia en adulto inconsciente Aprenda a dar RCP a un adulto que está inconsciente y ahogándose observando el procedimiento realizado en un maniquí. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3795/unconscious-adult-choking-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 95 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/asfixia-nino-inconsciente-rescatista-lego-practica https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2119.mp4 Práctica: Asfixia en niño inconsciente Aprenda a dar RCP con un DEA a un niño que está inconsciente y ahogándose observando el procedimiento realizado en un maniquí. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3797/unconscious-child-choking-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 112 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/lava-tus-manos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1234.mp4 Lavado de manos El lavado de manos es la técnica de control de infección más importante. Después de quitarse el equipo de protección personal, lávese siempre bien las manos frotándolas con un jabón antimicrobiano o usando un gel a base de alcohol. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2097/handwashing-2013.jpg Yes 182 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/asfixia-nino-inconsciente-primeros-auxilios-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2034.mp4 Asfixia en niño inconsciente Una vez que un niño asfixia víctima se convierte en inconsciente, asegúrese de que EMS se ha activado. Dar 30 compresiones torácicas. Compruebe el objeto en la boca del paciente y barrerlo si es posible. Intente respirar. Si no hay aumento de pecho y caída, reposicione la vía aérea e intente otra respiración. Si todavía no entra aire, realice 30 compresiones torácicas, revise el objeto nuevamente y, si es posible, retírelo. Intente respirar. Si no hay aumento de pecho y caída, reposicione la vía aérea e intente otra respiración. Continúe este proceso hasta que la vía aérea esté abierta y el aire entre en los pulmones. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3627/unconscious-child-choking-first-aid-2015.jpg Yes 190 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/asfixia-adulto-inconsciente-primeros-auxilios-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2033.mp4 Asfixia en adulto inconsciente Una vez que una víctima de asfixia se convierte en inconsciente, asegúrese de que EMS se ha activado. Dar 30 compresiones torácicas. Compruebe el objeto en la boca del paciente y barrerlo si es posible. Intente respirar. Si no hay aumento de pecho y caída, reposicione la vía aérea e intente otra respiración. Si todavía no entra aire, realice 30 compresiones torácicas, revise el objeto nuevamente y, si es posible, retírelo. Intente respirar. Si no hay aumento de pecho y caída, reposicione la vía aérea e intente otra respiración. Continúe este proceso hasta que la vía aérea esté abierta y el aire entre en los pulmones. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3625/unconscious-adult-choking-first-aid-2015.jpg Yes 160 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/conmocion-cerebral-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2038.mp4 Conmoción cerebral https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3635/concussion-2015.jpg Yes 190 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/sobredosis-opioides-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2075.mp4 Sobredosis de opioides https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3709/opioid-overdose-2015.jpg Yes 290 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/rcp-solo-manos-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2029.mp4 RCP solo con manos La RCP de manos únicas ayuda a alentar a los rescatistas a involucrarse que de otra manera no podrían ayudar. Los equipos de rescate entregan compresiones de 2-2.4 pulgadas de profundidad a una velocidad de 100-120 compresiones por minuto sin la necesidad de entregar respiraciones de rescate en el medio. La RCP con manos únicas elimina el temor de transmitir enfermedades al eliminar el componente boca a boca de la RCP. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3617/hands-only-cpr-2015.jpg Yes 199 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/ataque-cerebral-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2019.mp4 Accidente cerebrovascular Hay dos tipos principales de apoplejía. El más común es cuando un coágulo bloquea una arteria que lleva la sangre al cerebro. Esto es causado por una Trombosis Cerebral o Embolia Cerebral. El segundo golpe más común es un sangrado. Esto es cuando un vaso sanguíneo se rompe en el cerebro, también llamado derrame hemorrágico. Los primeros signos de un derrame cerebral son entumecimiento, dificultad para hablar, debilidad, parálisis en un lado del cuerpo, visión borrosa o pérdida repentina de la visión, brazo o pierna caídos, caída de la cara o boca que gotea, inestabilidad, confusión hablando o entendiendo el habla. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3599/stroke-2015.jpg Yes 409 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/rcp-bebe-pro-primeros-auxilios-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/7172.mp4 RCP en bebés https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13004/infant-cpr-2025.jpg Yes 357 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/asfixia-adulto-consciente-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/7179.mp4 Asfixia en adulto consciente https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13018/conscious-adult-choking-2025.jpg Yes 350 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/rcp-solo-manos-practica https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2114.mp4 Práctica: RCP solo con manos Al hacer las manos solamente o la compresión solamente RCP, usted no hace la respiración del ciclo. Simplemente continúe las compresiones torácicas hasta que llegue el ccsme. Aprenda esta habilidad viendo el procedimiento ser realizado en un maniquí. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3787/hands-only-cpr-practice-2015.jpg Yes 85 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/dea-adulto-comunidad-rescatista-lego-practica https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2115.mp4 Práctica: DEA en adultos Aprenda a dar RCP con un DEA a un adulto que está inconsciente y no respira observando el procedimiento realizado en un maniquí. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3789/adult-aed-community-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 220 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/dea-nino-rescatista-lego-practica https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2116.mp4 Práctica: DEA en niños Aprenda a dar CPR con un DEA a un niño que está inconsciente y no respira observando el procedimiento realizado en un maniquí. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3791/child-aed-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 211 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/dea-bebe-primeros-auxilios-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/7176.mp4 DEA en bebés https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13012/infant-aed-2025.jpg Yes 329 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/asfixia-bebe-consciente-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/7181.mp4 Asfixia en bebé consciente https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13022/conscious-infant-choking-2025.jpg Yes 213 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/asfixia-bebe-inconsciente-primeros-auxilios-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/7182.mp4 Asfixia en bebé inconsciente https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13024/unconscious-infant-choking-2025.jpg Yes 217 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/conmocion-rescatista-lego-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/7184.mp4 Conmoción https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13028/shock-2025.jpg Yes 143 https://www.studentcpr.com/es/training/video/asfixia-nino-consciente-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/7180.mp4 Asfixia en niño consciente https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13020/conscious-child-choking-2025.jpg Yes 222 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/student-cpr-introduction https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1261.mp4 Student CPR Introduction Welcome to ProTrainings' Student CPR. In this lesson, we'll be giving you a rundown of everything you can expect to learn in this important course and even a few specifics of the course. And at the end, we'll give you a little information on why learning CPR is so important, along with a short story that will drive the point home. Your instructor for the duration of your Student CPR course is Roy Shaw. Roy is a licensed paramedic with years of both real-world and instructor experience and also a co-founder of ProTrainings. In other words, you're in good hands. We're so excited to provide you with the opportunity to learn lifesaving CPR and first aid skills at no cost. Why would we do this? Because we know that some of the best rescuers in our communities are young people just like you. You're strong enough to perform the skills necessary for high-quality CPR. You're courageous enough to get involved. And you're caring enough to want to help someone in need. The total course time includes 1 hour and 34 minutes of video training as well as knowledge reviews, a final test, remedial help, and time spent reviewing downloaded material, like the student manual that comes with this course. You can download that manual here: Student Manual. What You Will Learn in this Course Your Student CPR course curriculum is pretty substantial. Some of the important things you'll be learning are: Introductory CPR Training• The Five Fears of CPR Rescue Heart Attack and Stroke• Stroke• Heart Attacks Cardiac Arrest Training• Adult, Child, Infant CPR• Adult, Child, Infant AED• Hands-Only CPR Choking Training• Adult, Child, Infant Choking (Conscious)• Adult, Child, Infant Choking (Unconscious) First Aid Training• Shock Management• Bleeding Control Student CPR is a mission-based program dedicated to training students to be confident, knowledgeable responders. This is accomplished by offering a high-quality program that is flexible enough to adapt to unique classroom situations and is offered at no cost to the school or student. Pro Tip: Please keep this in mind as you progress through your course: Although this is an online course, we are still available to answer any questions you may have. Don't be shy. If you ever need help, reach out and we'll be here for you. You can find us on both Facebook (Student CPR) or Twitter (@RoyOnRescue). Also worth mentioning is that the written course material that accompanies each video lesson (like this one) will often have some additional information that isn't in the video. And you'll occasionally find areas of emphasis labeled as Pro Tips and Warnings that will be highlighted and difficult to miss. Why Learning High-Quality CPR is Important We believe that the problem with CPR isn't that everyone is doing CPR incorrectly. The bigger problem is that people aren't doing CPR at all. That's why we start with the "why." Why are people afraid to rescue? What happens when CPR doesn't work? These are just a few of the parts of the training that will make even the most seasoned professional walk away from the course learning something new or thinking about CPR. Meet Liz, a Young Rescuer Liz Lindgren, a student from Champlin Park High School, was driving with her family to her sister's school. They were going through a curve in the road when a motorcycle in front of them hit its muffler on the ground while turning too quickly to switch lanes. Liz and her sister ran over to the motorcyclist, who was showing no signs of life. Liz began performing CPR immediately with 30 chest compressions. Liz shares her thought process: "If I had to, I was going to do two breaths, but then he started moaning and his eyes were starting to move." Emergency responders arrived soon after that and took the man to the hospital. You never know when the skills you're about to learn can help save a life and gaining confidence in your skills is a big part of performing high-quality CPR. Remembering that as you progress through each lesson will serve you well. Welcome again to Student CPR. Now, let's get started! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2195/student-cpr-introduction.jpg Yes 57 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/five-fears-part-1 https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2017.mp4 The Five Fears of CPR Rescue One common problem we see with training is when people have persistent fears that they can't shed, it prevents them from attempting to make a rescue. In this lesson, we're going to address those fears and hopefully eliminate them, so you'll have the confidence to push through and make a difference when faced with an emergency. The five fears are: Uncertainty of skills. You're worried that you don't know what to do, and that you'll do more harm than good. Might hurt or kill the patient. You're worried that a mistake on your part will spell trouble for the patient. Lawsuits. You're worried about getting sued, whether someone only thinks you did something wrong or you actually did do something wrong. Threat of contracting a disease. You're worried about blood and bodily fluids that contain pathogens that you would then contract. The scene is unsafe. You're worried that the scene may be unsafe and that you'll become a victim, too. At first glance, these fears may sound reasonable. However, let's tackle them one by one using some common sense that should help you eliminate your fears, so that you can become the best rescuer that you can be. Uncertain of Skills This should only be a real concern if there's no way for you to refresh your training. However, since we designed our course content to be viewed whenever it's convenient for you, rather than when an instructor is ready to teach, there's really no excuse. Whenever you feel that you're deficient in a particular area of training, go back to the training library for a refresher. It's self-paced and available 24/7. You can also ask a supervisor or someone with more experience for help. Pro Tip #1: Effort and knowledge are the cures for uncertainty. If you put in the time and master your skills, this uncertainty will vanish, and you'll be amazed that you were ever apprehensive to begin with. Might Hurt or Kill the Patient When a person is unconscious, isn't breathing normally, and has no pulse, they're already dead. And while it may sound silly to say this, it's true: Their condition cannot get worse. That patient will remain dead unless someone with life-saving skills gets involved. This alone should alleviate a lot of fear and worry about making the situation worse. During CPR compressions, a lot of new students worry about the possibility of breaking ribs or injuring a patient some other way. But this isn't really possible. Read that first paragraph again – the patient is dead and cannot get worse. However, with help, they may get better. Lawsuits The good news is that since 1985's Good Samaritan Act, people who attempt to help others are protected legally, with a couple of exceptions: If you intended to hurt the victim If you go above and beyond your level of training The Good Samaritan Act has essentially immunized people from lawsuits when they try to help others in need. Threat of Contracting a Disease As long as you have your equipment with you, this shouldn't be much of a concern. Equipment like gloves and one-way rescue masks will keep those nasty pathogens, if there are any, on the patient's side, while you the rescuer remain on your side. That's why we have this equipment – to help keep rescuers safe. So, make sure you have it with you and that you're using it, and this fear will quickly become a moot point. A Word About Hands-Only CPR Research has shown that, especially with adults and in the first few minutes, hands-only CPR is just as effective as full CPR. So, if you don't feel comfortable or confident in doing full CPR, or if you're lacking protective equipment, hands-only CPR will still benefit the patient. The Scene is Unsafe This is actually a legitimate fear and a reason to delay a rescue attempt. You can still call 911 and get EMS on the way. But if the scene is dangerous, don't do anything that will make you the next victim. Don't be a hero. If you go into a situation that can get you hurt or killed, you'll be unable to perform the rescue you're there for, so you do no good to anyone. Remain at a safe distance until the scene becomes safe, and then go in. These five fears prevent around 90 percent of people from using the skills they learned. It's natural to have them, but it's essential to shed them. Put in the time and effort when it comes to your training and crush those fears. Become more empowered than you ever thought possible and go forth and rescue confidently. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3595/five-fears-part-1-2015.jpg Yes 308 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/adult-cpr-lay-rescuer-community https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2023.mp4 Adult CPR In this lesson, we'll cover how to administer CPR on an adult victim. In situations where CPR is needed, you personally may have witnessed the victim exhibit symptoms and go unresponsive. Others may have witnessed the incident. Or no one was around to see what really happened. If someone was there to witness the incident, what they likely would have noticed is a victim who: Loses their balance Clutches their chest Collapses to the ground or floor If you arrive on the scene after this happens, in cardiac arrest emergencies, the victim will usually also be unresponsive and not breathing normally, if at all. Let's assume for this lesson that that's how you found the victim. And that CPR is required. CPR is a combination of chest compressions and ventilations that circulates blood and oxygen to the brain and other vital organs for a person whose heart and breathing have stopped. Oxygen is vital for life and it's only a matter of minutes before the brain begins to be negatively impacted. How to Provide Care Warning: Don't let the repetition of this next paragraph lull you into overlooking or dismissing the importance of scene safety. What if you show up to the scene and there's a live electrical wire, or poisonous gases in the air, and this is why the victim collapsed? Don't make assumptions, and don't become another victim. Of course, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe, your gloves are on, and that you have your rescue shield available and begin calling out to the victim to assess whether or not he or she is responsive. Are you OK? Can you hear me? If you don't get an initial response, place your hand on the victim's forehead and tap on his or her collarbone. If you still do not get a response, proceed with the following steps. Call 911 and activate EMS. If there is a bystander nearby, you can ask for their help – calling 911, locating an AED, etc. Pro Tip #1: As long as you have your cell phone, you're never alone. If no one is around to help you and you aren't sure what to do, call 911 on your cell phone, put it on speaker, and follow their instructions. Dispatch can help coach you through the situation. If you've determined at this point that the victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally continue immediately with CPR, beginning with chest compressions. Pro Tip #2: Chest compression landmarks: Aim for the center of the chest, between the nipples and on the lower one-third of the sternum. Hand placement: Place your first palm on that landmark and interlock the fingers on your top hand over your first. Lean over the victim, position your hands as indicated above, and in the video, and lock your elbows. Use your upper body weight to supply the force needed for chest compressions and compress at a depth between 2 – 2.4 inches. Perform 30 chest compressions at a rate between 100 – 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to around two compression every second. Make sure you allow the victim's chest to come all the way back up before performing your next compression. Pro Tip #3: To maintain a steady rhythm, count out loud while performing chest compressions – one, as you press down, and, as you allow the chest to recoil. When you reach 13, drop the and to maintain a two-syllable cadence on the compressions and not disrupt the rhythm. Lift the victim's chin and tilt his or her head back. Grab the rescue shield and place it over the victim's mouth and nose. Pinch the victim's nose and open their mouth. Deliver two breaths – Breathe into the rescue mask and wait for the chest to rise and fall before administering the next breath. Pro Tip #4: Don't forget to watch the victim's chest when providing breaths. If the chest doesn't rise, then you might be dealing with another problem and one that likely includes an obstructed airway. Go right back into 30 chest compressions followed again by two breaths. Continue to perform 30 chest compressions to two breaths until EMS arrives, an AED is located, someone equally trained can relieve you, or the victim becomes responsive and begins breathing normally again. A Few Common Questions About Adult CPR Why is it important to use your upper body weight when performing chest compressions? If you need to perform CPR for a longer period of time, using only your upper body strength will begin to fatigue you. As you become fatigued, your compression rate and depth may falter, as would the quality of CPR and the victim's chances of recovering. Can I stop doing CPR once I've started? Once you begin CPR, it's important not to stop. If you must stop, do so for no longer than 10 seconds. Reasons to discontinue CPR include more advanced medical personnel taking over for you, seeing obvious signs of life and the patient breathing normally again, an AED being available and ready to use, or being too exhausted to continue. Is there anything else I can do to help a cardiac arrest victim? The best thing you can do in these situations is to provide high-quality CPR, as performing CPR correctly will give the victim the best chance of survival. So, what constitutes high-quality CPR? High-Quality CPR Performing chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute Compressing to a depth of at least 2 inches but not exceeding 2.4 Allowing for full recoil after each compression Minimizing pauses in compressions Ventilating adequately – two breaths after 30 compressions, with each breath delivered over one second, and each causing the patient's chest to rise Pro Tip #5: Make sure you're directly over the victim's chest to maximize cardiac output, and not off to one side. If you're not directly over the chest, you may not adequately compress the heart. Low-Quality CPR Compressing at a rate slower than 100 per minute or faster than 120 per minute Compressing to a depth of less than two inches or greater than 2.4 inches Leaning on the chest between compressions or performing compressions while not directly over the victim's heart Interrupting compressions for greater than 10 seconds Providing excessive ventilation – too many breaths or breaths with excessive force https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3605/adult-cpr-lay-rescuer-community-2015.jpg Yes 216 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/child-aed-fa https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2027.mp4 Child AED AED pads come in an adult size and a pediatric size, for patients less than 8 years old or 55 pounds - roughly 25 kilograms. However, remember, if you do not have pediatric pads and the patient is less than 8 years old or less than 55 pounds, use the adult pads. It's far better to use the wrong size pads than it is to forgo using an AED. If placing the pads on the chest, pads cannot touch. If using adult size pads on a child, you may place them one on the center of the chest and the other on the center of the back to avoid touching, like you would for an infant. Also, remember that when using an AED, there are a couple of important things to keep in mind as it relates to your surroundings. Are there combustible gases or liquids at the scene? Are there any liquids that could connect the victim with yourself, the responder, or someone else, that could result in electrocution? If for some reason the scene isn't safe enough to use an AED, move the patient to a safer area where you won't have to worry about explosives or electrocution from water and then use the AED. And one last reminder: It's OK if the victim or the victim's clothing is wet, as long as the area where pads will be placed is dry and you or the victim aren't submerged in water or connected by it. How to Provide Care As always, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and that your gloves are on. Make sure you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve handy and begin calling out to the victim to assess whether or not he or she is responsive. Are you OK? Can you hear me? (With children, shouting their name may help.) If you don't get an initial response, place your hand on the child's forehead and tap on his or her collarbone. If you still do not get a response, proceed with the following steps. Call 911 and activate EMS.. If there is a bystander nearby, you can ask for their help – calling 911, locating an AED, etc. In the event that you do not know how to proceed, call 911 on your cell phone, put it on speaker, and follow their instructions. If you've determined at this point that the victim is unresponsive, not breathing normally, continue immediately with your AED. AED Technique for Children Turn on the AED. Remove the patient's clothing to reveal a bare chest. There are two pad placement options for children based on their size. The pads should have a diagram on placement if you need a reminder. Determining the size for pad location can be as simple as if the pads look like they will touch each other on the chest, then use the front and back locations. For small children, attach one AED pad to the center of the child’s chest, roll the child onto his or her side, and attach the second pad to the center of the back, between the shoulder blades.  For larger children placement is the same as an adult. One on the upper right chest, just below the collar bone. The other pad is placed on the lower left side of the chest, mid axillary line, below the breast. Plug the cable into the AED and be sure no one is touching the patient, including yourself. Some AEDs will have the cable already plugged into the device. The AED should now be analyzing the heart rhythm.  The AED will find one of two options, either a shockable rhythm or a non-shockable rhythm. For a shockable rhythm, the AED will charge itself to deliver the shock. If the scene is clear and no one is touching the patient, push the flashing shock button. Some AEDs will shock automatically, so be sure to listen to the directions of the AED. For a non-shockable rhythm or after the AED does shock, we immediately go right back into CPR starting with compressions. It's OK to perform CPR over the pads, so don't worry about moving them. Perform 30 compressions that go about 2 inches deep, or 1/3 the depth of the chest, and at a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to almost two compressions per second. Grab the appropriately-sized rescue mask or face shield and seal it over the victim's face and nose and tilt back the head to open the airway. Breathe into the rescue mask or face shield and wait for the chest to rise and fall before administering the second breath. Continue with 30 compressions to 2 breaths. Every 2 minutes of CPR, the AED will analyze the heart again. Follow the directions and go right back into CPR. Continue this cycle until help arrives, the patient is responsive and breathing normally, the scene becomes unsafe for you, or the next level of care takes over. A Word About AED Precautions When using an AED, there are several precautions to keep in mind. Some of these may be obvious (and a repeat of what you've already learned in this course), while others may not be. Since alcohol is flammable, do not use anything with alcohol on it to wipe the patient's chest or back dry. While it's OK to use adult pads on a child, the reverse isn't entirely true, as pediatric pads may not deliver enough energy to defibrillate the adult patient. Do not touch the patient while the AED is conducting an analysis, as this may affect the analyzation process. Before delivering an AED shock, make sure no one is touching the patient or any of the resuscitation equipment. Do not use an AED if there are flammable or combustible materials or gases present. Do not operate an AED inside a moving vehicle, as the movement can affect the analysis and shock incorrectly. Do not use an AED if the victim is in contact with free-standing water or in the rain. Move the patient first. Do not place AED pads on top of any patches or implantable devices. Remove patches first and adjust the pads as necessary to avoid devices like a pacemaker.   https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3613/child-aed-fa-2015.jpg Yes 250 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/universal-precautions-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2020.mp4 Universal Precautions in the Workplace This lesson deals with situations in which an injury or illness in the workplace leads to the presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials in the environment. It should go without saying that the scene must be cleaned up. But who does the cleanup? And more importantly, how can it be done safely? Often there are no specific employees who are designated to handle such cleanup jobs. But in other situations, there may be. If an employee was so designated, he or she would fall under the Type A category of the bloodborne pathogens rule. Such employees need to undergo specific training in bloodborne pathogens before being allowed to clean up a potentially infectious scene – training like that which is provided at ProBloodborne.com. However, for the general employee who volunteers (or not) to clean up the scene – or anyone with possible access, like first responders – this lesson is for you. A fairly common question people have is, how do I know if the scene contains bloodborne pathogens or other types of infectious materials? While that's an excellent question, the answer is likely to disappoint – Most of the time, you really don't know. The only way to know that if a scene contains pathogens is to get a sample into a laboratory and under a microscope. Assume the worst and be diligent, but most importantly … Safety First Pro Tip #1: What's the most important thing when it comes to a scene that you suspect to be infectious? Protect yourself. You must protect yourself against exposure to potentially infectious materials before engaging in any cleanup. The best way to protect yourself is by wearing gloves. And while it may sound silly, it pays to inspect your gloves before putting them on. Make sure there aren't any holes. Blow some air into a glove and hold the wrist end shut. Do you notice any air escaping through a leak? This is a great way to test for pinholes that you wouldn't be able to see. Warning: Defective gloves DO NOT protect against infectious diseases as well as gloves that aren't defective. If that's the one thing standing between you and them, better to take that one thing (your gloves) seriously. Solution Time All you need is water and household bleach, but more specifically, 1 part bleach to 9 parts water. In other words, take your pale or bucket and fill it with 1 cup of bleach and 9 cups of cold tap water. This is a simple solution but strong enough to kill most hepatitis, HIV, and other infectious pathogens. Application Time You can apply the bleach solution a couple of ways. Fill a spray bottle and spray the solution on contaminated surfaces and objects. Or dip a rag or towel into the solution and wipe those items down instead. Pro Tip #2: Consider wearing goggles, a face mask, and an apron if there's a chance of getting hit with splatter or spray of possibly infectious materials while cleaning up the scene. Better safe than sorry. An Example Situation A worker has an accident that leaves blood on an electric saw. Follow the steps below to safely clean it. Spray the saw with the bleach solution. Let it sit for 30 seconds or so. Wipe the saw down. Throw the rag or towel in the trash. (At this point, you may not be able to see visible signs of contamination, but that doesn't mean you got it all after one go.) Spray the bleach solution on the saw again. Let the saw air dry. Pro Tip #3: Letting the possibly contaminated saw air dry after the second go-around with the bleach solution is a great method of disinfecting it. When You're Done After you've cleaned all the tools and work surfaces that were affected, you'll want to properly dispose of your gloves, which involves taking them off without touching them. Remove the first glove using only glove-on-glove contact, by grabbing the wrist part of one glove (the outer part) and peeling it off. Bunch up the glove you just took off and work it into your other hand and make a fist, with the glove inside. Take one of your un-gloved fingers and using only skin-on-skin contact, push it under the wrist part of the glove and peel the second glove off. Warning: Be careful when taking off your gloves that you don't accidentally snap the material and send possibly infectious substances into the air and around the scene. Remember that initially, you'll be removing these gloves in a pretty unfamiliar way; just something to be aware of. Throw both gloves into the trash bin you've been using to dispose of your rags or towels, seal the bag up properly, and toss it into the nearest dumpster. Pro Tip #4: For larger cleanup jobs, consider getting special biohazard bags. However, it may be a good idea for jobs of any size, no matter how small, as those bags are a great way to alert others of the potential hazards inside, like waste management personnel. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3601/reduce-risk-of-bloodborne-pathogens-2015.jpg Yes 338 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/heart-attacks https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2018.mp4 Heart Attacks In this lesson, we're going to take a closer look at heart attacks, including: What they are and why they happen If there's anything we can do to help control or prevent them The signs and symptoms of a heart attack for both men and women What Causes a Heart Attack? A heart attack occurs when something occludes a blood vessel that feeds the heart. When this happens, the heart muscle begins to starve of oxygen, which causes pain plus any number of other symptoms, the totality of which is known as a heart attack. Some common ways patients may describe their symptoms include: A squeezing feeling or tightness in their chest Like something is sitting on their chest Pain that may radiate into arms, or the neck, jaw, and teeth in some cases Classic Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack Women often experience their own unique set of signs and symptoms that typically differs from what men may experience. So, consider this list to be men-centric, as in the classic symptoms of a heart attack. The more typically female symptoms will follow. Heavy sweating Crushing chest pain Pain that may radiate into other areas, most typically the arms Shortness of breath Weakness Nausea Dizziness Women can experience the symptoms listed above, however, the most common symptoms of a heart attack for women are: Back pain, like a muscle strain or pulled muscle Feeling achy Indigestion Warning: One problem is the way in which heart attacks are depicted in movies and on TV, as it's always a sweaty guy clutching his chest. But that's mostly only true for half the population. And if the other half (some would say, better half) are expecting those same symptoms and getting something that feels more like the flu than a heart attack, this could delay a proper response, and the patient could suffer because of that delay. Conditions with Similar Signs and Symptoms There are a number of other ailments that have been known to mimic a heart attack, including: Angina Pneumonia Pleuritis Broken ribs Pro Tip #1: Angina is a condition marked by severe chest pain, often spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, and is caused by a reduced blood supply to the heart. It's still a concern. Just not as concerning. Warning: It's better to rule out a heart attack after being checked out by EMS personnel or a physician than it is to dismiss symptoms as something minor. When in doubt, check it out. Once a heart attack is suspected, call 911 immediately and activate EMS. Get an ambulance on the way. If it turns out to be indigestion, you can always send them away when they arrive. Or better yet, they can examine the patient and rule a heart attack out. If a heart attack is suspected and EMS isn't activated, all that's being accomplished is slowing down a response time and treatment should things worsen. Someone's life may ultimately depend on those wasted minutes or seconds. Heart Attack Risk Factors You can really separate this into two separate categories – factors we can control and factors we cannot. Controllable Risk Factors Diet Exercise Stress Smoking Blood pressure Diabetes These are all huge factors when it comes to preventing cardiovascular disease, heart attacks, and stroke. Controlling diabetes and blood pressure, if high. Stopping smoking, if applicable. And eating better, exercising more, and relieving stress in healthy ways. These are all areas of improvement everyone can control. Uncontrollable Risk Factors Genetics Gender Age Race When it comes to uncontrollable risk factors, the hand you're dealt is the hand you're going to have to play. And unfortunately, certain people will always be predisposed to having a higher risk of heart attacks. Helping Heart Attack Patients in Other Ways Once you recognize the symptoms of a heart attack, you activate EMS, and both you and the patient wait comfortably for them to arrive, right? Well, not always. Pro Tip #2: For some reason it's human nature to deny the existence of a heart attack – just a bit of acid reflux most likely – which only delays getting help. It's also common for heart attack suspects to want to drive themselves to the hospital. Both are obviously dangerous and NOT recommended. While Waiting for the Ambulance One of the first treatments that even paramedics will use is aspirin. Aspirin may prevent a worsening of the heart attack and it could even relieve some of the symptoms. If you have aspirin, and if the patient can take it, offer it to them. Aspirin is effective because it basically acts as platelet lubricant once it's absorbed into the bloodstream. It better enables the platelets to slide by each other rather than getting stuck together and creating an even bigger clot. Does the patient have nitroglycerin tabs or spray? Can you get it for them if they cannot? Usually, the best thing you can do for someone who's having a heart attack, or showing the symptoms, is to reassure them that you'll be with them until help arrives. Tell them they're in good hands, in good care, but don't lie to them and tell them everything will be OK. Simply keep them calm and make them as comfortable as possible until EMS personnel arrive. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3597/heart-attacks-2015.jpg Yes 477 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/child-cpr-profa https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2024.mp4 Child CPR In this lesson, we'll cover how to perform CPR on a child. Much of the process will look the same as adult CPR, but there are some subtle yet crucial differences to take note of. Like in the last lesson, we'll assume that in this scenario, a child has suddenly collapsed and you don't know why. Pro Tip #1: The victim could be in this condition for any number of reasons and it's not a bad idea to consider some of these when you're doing your assessment of the scene and the victim. Is there a live electrical wire nearby? Could the victim have been bitten by a snake? (Incidentally, these two fictional scenarios also drive home the point of scene safety.) Regardless of what led to the child's condition, all you know for sure is that the victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally, if at all. And that CPR is required. What is a Child? According to guidelines, a child is anyone from one-year to the first signs of puberty. And if you just wondered about ambiguity, you'd be correct to be concerned. Let's say puberty begins around age 14. This can still be problematic since some 14-year olds are tiny, while others are bigger than many adults. Which is why it's a better idea to judge the victim by size rather than by age. This should also help reduce wasted time. Instead of having to think about it, just look, decide, and begin. Pro Tip #2: To complicate matters further, the size of your hands also matters. You see, the size of the patient determines whether you use two hands during chest compressions or just one, which means it's much more a matter of ratio (your hand size to their chest size), than it is their size alone. So, perhaps a better way of deciding whether the victim is "adult-size" or "child-size," is to see how your hands fit over their compression point. Depth Compression Matters The compressions you perform on a child are very similar to those you would perform on an adult. The only difference is in the compression depth. While adult CPR has a depth of 2-2.4 inches, when administering CPR on a child, two inches will usually be the maximum depth. Pro Tip #3: While two inches may represent an average chest compression depth for children, it's best not to use a fixed depth. Instead, compress to a depth 1/3 the depth of the chest when performing CPR. How to Provide Care Of course, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe, your gloves are on, and that you have your rescue shield available and begin calling out to the victim to assess whether or not he or she is responsive. Are you OK? Can you hear me? If you don't get an initial response, place your hand on the victim's forehead and tap on his or her collarbone. If you still do not get a response, proceed with the following steps. Call 911 and activate EMS. If there is a bystander nearby, you can ask for their help – calling 911, locating an AED, etc. Remember, as long as you have your cell phone, you're never alone. If no one is around to help you and you aren't sure what to do, call 911 on your cell phone, put it on speaker, and follow their instructions. Dispatch can help coach you through the situation. If you've determined at this point that the victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally continue immediately with CPR, beginning with chest compressions. Remember your landmarks, which don't change when performing CPR on children: Aim for the center of the chest, between the nipples and on the lower one-third of the sternum. Hand placement: If you've determined that you should use two hands, based on the size of the victim, place your first palm on that landmark, just as you would for adults, and interlock the fingers on your top hand over your first. One-Hand placement: Place your first palm on the same landmark … and that's it. Lean over the victim, position your hand(s) as indicated above, and in the video, and lock your elbows. Use your upper body weight to supply the force needed for chest compressions and compress at a depth equal to 1/3 the depth of the child's chest. Perform 30 chest compressions at a rate between 100 – 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to around two compressions every second. Remember to allow the child's chest to come all the way back up before performing your next compression. Remember, to maintain a steady rhythm, count out loud while performing chest compressions – one, as you press down, and, as you allow the chest to recoil. When you reach 13, drop the and to maintain a two-syllable cadence on the compressions and not disrupt the rhythm. Lift the child's chin and tilt his or her head back slightly. Grab the rescue shield and place it over the victim's mouth and nose. Pinch the child's nose and open their mouth. Deliver two rescue breaths – Breathe into the rescue mask and wait for the chest to rise and fall before administering the next breath. Don't forget to watch the victim's chest when performing chest compressions. If the chest doesn't rise, then you might be dealing with another problem and one that likely includes an obstructed airway. Go right back into 30 chest compressions followed again by two rescue breaths. Continue to perform 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths until EMS arrives, an AED is located, someone equally trained relieves you, or the victim becomes responsive and begins breathing normally again. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3607/child-cpr-profa-2015.jpg Yes 222 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/agonal-respiration-not-breathing-normally https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2022.mp4 Agonal Respiration (Not Breathing Normally) Agonal respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex characterized by gasping and gulping breaths that are accompanied by strange vocalizations. Agonal respiration is one sign of respiratory and cardiac arrest. Historically, this type of breathing has been difficult to identify and describe, especially for lay people, which can slow or hinder care and response times for cardiac arrest victims. A Word About Cardiac Arrest Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to circulate blood to vital organs, including the brain. When heartbeats are weak, irregular, or uncoordinated, blood can't flow through the arteries to the rest of the body. If circulation is hampered or halted in any way, the body's organs cannot receive the oxygen they need to function normally. As a result, organ failure can occur. Brain damage sets in between 4-6 minutes, and after 8-10 minutes, this damage will likely be irreversible. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world and in the U.S., where it accounts for approximately 1 in 3 deaths. Cardiovascular disease is also the primary cause of cardiac arrest, but there are others, including: Drowning Choking Drug overdose Severe injury Brain damage Electrocution Warning: As more than 300,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur each year in the U.S., it's vital that lay rescuers and EMS professionals understand that early recognition – which is more difficult with agonal respiration – and quick action can have a tremendous impact on survival rates. Cardiac Chain of Survival To effectively respond to cardiac emergencies, it helps to understand the Cardiac Chain of Survival. Following the links in these chains – adult and pediatric – will give patients the best chance of survival. Warning: For each minute that CPR and/or defibrillation are delayed, the chance of survival is reduced by 7-10 percent. Adult Cardiac Chain of Survival Recognize the emergency and call 911 – the sooner medical personnel are called the sooner EMS can provide care for the patient. Early CPR – supplying blood and oxygen to vital organs can prevent brain damage and death. Early defibrillation – this electrical shock may restore an effective heart rhythm and increase the victim's chance of survival. Advanced life support – Medical personnel can help provide the proper equipment and medication needed to continue lifesaving care. Integrated post-cardiac arrest care – Integrated care can optimize ventilation and oxygenation and treat hypotension immediately after the return of spontaneous circulation. Pediatric Cardiac Chain of Survival Injury prevention and safety – ways to prevent cardiac arrest in children. Early CPR Early Emergency Care – Rapid activation of the EMS system or response team to get help on the way quickly. Pediatric advanced life support Integrated post-cardiac arrest care Agonal Respiration Continued Agonal respiration is characterized by abnormal breathing attempts in which the patient appears to be gasping or gulping. (Think of a fish as it tries to breathe out of the water to get an idea of what agonal respiration looks like.) These respiratory attempts originate from the lower brain stem neurons as higher, more complex neurons become increasingly hypoxic – lacking in oxygen. Agonal Respiration occurs in around 40 percent of early cardiac arrest victims. Aggressive CPR attempts are often hindered or slowed due to misinterpretation or misunderstanding of this serious condition. Pro Tip #1: It's important to remember that, when it comes to agonal respiration, these attempts from the body to breathe are routinely misinterpreted as normal breathing. However, even though it may appear the victim is breathing, he or she is not exchanging air well and will require immediate assistance to increase his or her survival rate. While lay rescuers describe agonal respiration in a number of ways, the good news is that 911 dispatchers have become better equipped to recognize all the ways in which people describe it, leading to better assistance and improved response times. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3603/agonal-respiration-not-breathing-normally-2015.jpg Yes 92 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/adult-aed-lay-rescuer-community https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2026.mp4 Adult AED In this lesson, we'll cover how to use an AED on an adult victim. An AED (Automated External Defibrillator) is a portable electronic device that analyzes the rhythm of the heart and delivers an electrical shock, known as defibrillation, which helps the heart re-establish an effective rhythm. Warning: When using an AED, there are a couple of important things to keep in mind as it relates to your surroundings. Are there combustible gases or liquids at the scene? Are there any liquids that could connect the victim with yourself, the rescuer, or someone else, that could result in electrocution? Pro Tip #1: If the scene isn't safe enough to use an AED, drag or move the patient to a safer area where you won't have to worry about explosives or electrocution from water and then use the AED. These are two important considerations before using an AED, but there are a few other things to note when defibrillating an adult patient. If the victim is female and wearing an underwire bra, it shouldn't present any complications. However, if it is a concern, you can disconnect it and remove it from the pathway to the heart. Necklaces should be moved to the side. Any patches – nicotine, analgesic, nitro gel, etc. – should be removed if they are in the way of the pads. Piercings shouldn't cause any problems. It's OK if the victim or the victim's clothing is wet, as long as the chest area is dry and you or the victim aren't submerged in water or connected by it. There are no special considerations for pregnant women. Pro Tip #2: It's OK to be just as aggressive with a pregnant woman as you would any other victim. The primary focus should be on the mother, as saving her will also help save the baby. The care you provide to the mother won't put the baby in any more jeopardy. How to Provide Care Let's assume a few things: The scene is safe, and your gloves are on You or a bystander called 911 You have an AED, whether you found one or had it with you The victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally CPR is already in progress Remember, as long as you have your cell phone, you're never alone. If no one is around to help you and you aren't sure what to do, call 911 on your cell phone, put it on speaker, and follow their instructions. Dispatch can help coach you through the situation. However, when it comes to AEDs, they supply their own instructions. Well, at least after the first step below. AED Technique for Adults Pro Tip #3: This is really the anti Pro Tip, as you don't need to be a pro to execute it. The AED will tell you what to do and what it's doing, like "remove clothing" or "analyzing rhythm." All you have to do is follow along. Turn on the AED. Remove the patient's clothing to reveal a bare chest and dry the chest off if it's wet. (AEDs will typically include a pair of scissors somewhere on the unit.) Attach the AED pads to the victim's chest. The pads should have a diagram on placement if you need help. The first pad goes on the top right side of the chest. The second pad goes on the bottom left side of the victim's side, under the left breast. Make sure they adhere well. Plug the cable into the AED and be sure no one is touching the victim. The AED should now be charging and analyzing the rhythm of the victim's heart. If the scene is clear and no one is touching the victim, push the discharge button to deliver a shock. Then go right back into CPR. It's OK to perform CPR over the pads, so don't worry about moving them. Perform 30 chest compressions. Grab the rescue shield and place it over the victim's mouth and nose. Lift the victim's chin and tilt his or her head back. Deliver two rescue breaths. Continue with CPR until the AED interrupts you. At some point, it will reanalyze the victim's heart rhythm and again advise you on what to do next. If the AED advises a shock, do that. If it advises you to NOT shock the victim, continue with CPR only, again over the pads. (The AED will continue to reanalyze.) Continue this cycle of CPR, re-analyzation, charging, shock, back into CPR until EMS arrives, the patient is responsive and breathing normally, or someone who's equally trained or better can relieve you. A Couple Special AED Considerations There could be special situations that go beyond what you found in the list that opened this lesson. These include using an AED on a victim who's wearing an implantable device and a victim with an excessive amount of chest hair. Implantable Devices Implantable devices, like pacemakers, are sometimes located below one of the collarbones in the area where one of the AED pads should go. This can be problematic as the device could interfere with shock delivery. An ICD (Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator) is another common implantable device you may encounter. It's sort of like a mini version of an AED, as it detects abnormal heart rhythms and restores them to normal. If one of these devices is visible – a small lump can sometimes be seen or felt – or if you know the victim has one in a specific location, do not place the AED pad on top of it. Instead, adjust the placement of the pad to avoid the device. Excessive Chest Hair Chest hair rarely interferes with AED pad adhesion, but it is nonetheless a possibility. If the victim has excessive chest hair, press firmly on the pads when placing them on the victim's chest. If you get an error message, like check pads, or something similar, remove them and replace with new pads. Some of the victim's chest hair will likely come off with the old pads, which may solve the problem. However, if the AED still refuses to work, you'll have to shave the victim's chest (or cut some of the hair) before applying a third round of pads. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3611/adult-aed-lay-rescuer-community-2015.jpg Yes 244 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/cpr-conclusion https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2039.mp4 Conclusion Congratulations on completing your ProTrainings course. We hope it was everything you thought it would be … and more. The good news is that you’re now ready to take your exam. Remember that muscles that don’t get used begin to atrophy. Even those mental muscles. The same goes for the newly acquired skills you’ve just gained, as they can easily be forgotten if not used or refreshed regularly. Don’t let all that important knowledge get flabby. To that end, we have a free weekly video training series delivered via email that you can easily sign up for that will deliver important training right to your inbox in small doses. If you’d like to sign up for this training, you can do so here (if you're not already registered). Now that you’ve acquired these all-important life-saving skills, don’t let the fear of infectious disease stand in the way of you becoming someone’s potential hero. To combat this fear, you can get a keyring CPR shield through ProTrainings that will protect you from a disease no matter the situation. And as long as you have your keys with you, you’ll be protected. You may be in a situation where you’re not required to practice on a mannequin or perform a skills test. However, if you find out later that your employer does require this, or if you simply think this would be great practice for you (Spoiler Alert: It is!), ProTrainings has you covered with a mannequin solution for all your skills practice and training. If you’re interested in this mannequin training solution, contact ProTrainings and we’ll have one delivered to you at a convenient time. Also, for anyone who has taken one of our 100 percent online courses and still requires an evaluation, now or in the future, you can do that with a simple phone call to ProTrainings at any time Thanks again for choosing ProTrainings as your training resource. But before we sign off, we’d just like you to consider WHY you’ve chosen to learn these skills. Life is a precious thing. It’s something that should be appreciated, savored, and celebrated. As a skilled rescuer, you have enormous power to help people in need. To give back to them the one resource that is truly extinguishable – time. Time for everything that matters to them. Keep the WHY in your mind as you work hard to keep the skills you just learned fresh and valuable. Now, go forth and rescue! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3637/conclusion-2015.jpg Yes 87 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/arterial-bleeding-child https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2036.mp4 Arterial Bleeding Arterial bleeding is the most severe and urgent type of bleeding injury. It can occur due to a penetrating injury, blunt trauma, or from damage to organs or blood vessels. As arterial bleeding is pumped directly from the heart to the rest of the body, this type of bleeding has a few distinctions: The blood is bright red in color due to its high oxygen concentration The blood tends to spurt due to the heart pumping it to the wound The pressure is higher than other types of bleeding, so it will not clot or stop as easily Warning: The pressure will only subside as blood volume decreases. This is a life-threatening situation and tissue will quickly begin to die due to lack of oxygen. How to Provide Care As always, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and that your gloves are on. Make sure you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve handy and introduce yourself to the victim. Pro Tip #1: The most important thing with an arterial bleeding wound is to apply pressure and stop the bleeding. Apply pressure. Stop the bleeding. Keep these in mind as you progress through this lesson. Find the source of the bleeding. You may have to remove or cut away clothing to reveal the wound. Pro Tip #2: An arterial bleed can be a frightening situation. Reassure the victim and let them know that you'll stay with them until additional help arrives and that you'll take good care of them while you wait. Cover the wound as long as no impaled objects are protruding from it. Ideally, a sterile pad or bandage would work best, but use whatever you have available, so long as it's clean. Apply direct and constant pressure to the wound. If the victim is conscious and can assist, this will help. Warning: Remember, arterial wounds will be pulsating or spurting, and it will likely take several dressing pads to control the bleeding. So, don't be surprised by the amount of blood or the difficulty you may experience in controlling it. Apply new pressure pads or bandages as needed, if blood begins to soak through the one(s) already applied. DO NOT remove the old bandage or pad, as this can strip the wound of blood trying to clot and only delay your ability to control the bleeding. After bleeding is controlled, you can begin to wrap the wound using an elastic bandage. Start at the furthest point from the body and wrap over any and all dressing pads you placed over the wound. (If the wound is on the arm, begin wrapping at the end where the fingers are.) Wrap around the wound at least an inch on each side and overlap the bandage as you wrap. Go down the arm, up the arm, and repeat as many times as necessary. Pro Tip #3: To apply even more pressure to a difficult wound, twist the bandage one time directly over the wound and repeat as necessary. This will tighten-up the pressure where pressure is most needed. When done wrapping, cut the end of the bandage and either tape it down or tuck it into the wrap to hold it in place. An arterial bleed is an automatic 911 call. It's always a good idea to activate EMS in an emergency. You can always cancel the call or send them away once they arrive. But if the situation suddenly turns dire, you'll be glad knowing they're on the way. Warning: Watch for signs of shock. Does the victim appear pale, sweaty, or cold? (Shock is very dangerous and something we'll get into more in a subsequent lesson.) Also monitor the victim for difficulties breathing, circulation problems, or other injuries you may not have noticed earlier. At this point, the victim should be stabilized and the bleeding under control. If you activated EMS, simply wait for them to arrive. If EMS is not on the way, you can find another way to get the victim to the next level of medical care, most likely an emergency room. A Few Common Arterial Bleeding Questions Should I elevate the wound above the heart? No, not anymore. While this was once the protocol for dealing with a bleeding wound, we're no longer doing this. Should I apply a tourniquet if I cannot control the bleeding? Yes, but only if you can't stop the bleeding and it's a matter of life and death. Cutting off circulation to any part of the body is a serious event and best left to professionals. Can I let the victim drive himself or herself to the hospital? No, especially not in this case, as blood loss from an arterial wound can be severe and cause reactions that don't mix well with operating a moving vehicle. However, in general, this should be avoided. There may be a chance that the victim has difficulty seeing his or her own blood, which could cause psychogenic shock. It's always better if the victim is a passenger rather than the driver. How do I know if I wrapped the wound too tightly? This can be a real concern and one reason we only use tourniquets in serious situations, as you don't want to cut off blood supply to ANY part of the body for too long. Look at the fingers or toes or whatever extremities are closest to the wound. Are the nail beds still pink or are they beginning to turn blue? Pinch a nail and the fleshy underside between two of your fingers. The nail should turn pale and then return to a pink color a couple seconds later. If it doesn't, the bandage is too tight. It's important to try and not cover fingers and toes with the bandage if possible, so that this test can be performed. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3631/arterial-bleeding-child-2015.jpg Yes 236 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/adult-cpr-community-lay-rescuer-practice https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2111.mp4 Practice: Adult CPR Learn how to give CPR to an adult who is unconscious and not breathing by watching the procedure performed on a mannequin. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3781/adult-cpr-community-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 118 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/child-cpr-lay-rescuer-practice https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2112.mp4 Practice: Child CPR Learn how to give CPR to a child who is unconscious and not breathing by watching the procedure performed on a mannequin. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3783/child-cpr-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 80 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/unconscious-adult-choking-lay-rescuer-practice https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2118.mp4 Practice: Unconscious Adult Choking Learn how to give CPR to an adult who is unconscious and choking by watching the procedure performed on a mannequin. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3795/unconscious-adult-choking-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 95 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/unconscious-child-choking-lay-rescuer-practice https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2119.mp4 Practice: Unconscious Child Choking Learn how to give CPR with an AED to a child who is unconscious and choking by watching the procedure performed on a mannequin. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3797/unconscious-child-choking-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 112 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/wash-your-hands https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1234.mp4 Handwashing Hand washing is the most important and effective infection control technique. And while all of you already wash your hands regularly, in this lesson we're going to teach you the proper ways to wash and disinfect your hands to greatly reduce your chances of contamination. When Should You Wash Your Hands? Wash your hands whenever they're visibly dirty, but also: Before having any contact with clients/patients Before putting on your gloves Before performing any procedures After contact with a client's skin, bodily fluids, excretions, non-intact skin, wound dressings, and contaminated items After using the bathroom After touching garbage After removing your gloves Proper Hand-Washing Technique Pro Tip #1: In a world filled with technological advances and new and improved items at every turn, the old standard when it comes to handwashing is still the superior choice – soap and water – as it's still the best way to reduce the number of germs in most situations. Use a disposable paper towel to turn on the sink faucet. Thoroughly wet your hands. Apply a generous amount of soap. Rub your hands together, covering all the surface areas – backs of hands, between fingers, under nails – for at least 20 seconds. Rinse your hands under the running water. Dry your hands with a disposable paper towel. Use that towel to turn off the sink faucet. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60 percent alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers will quickly reduce the number of microbes on your hands, but it doesn't eliminate all types of germs. Proper Use of Hand Sanitizer Hand sanitizers that are alcohol-based are great options if soap and water aren't available. But make sure you work them into your skin as thoroughly as you would wash your hands with soap and water. Fill the palm of one hand with hand sanitizer, as you'll need enough to apply a very generous layer to both hands. Spread the hand sanitizer around your palms, top of hands, between fingers, and work it into every crevice or wrinkle, including cuticles, nail beds, and under rings. Don't ignore your wrists and try to cover all areas. Continue to massage the hand sanitizer into your hands for 20 seconds. Pro Tip #2: All medical personnel should have a watch with a second hand, as there are numerous situations where you'll need to record the exact time or use that second hand to keep track of the time – like to see when 20 seconds has passed when using a hand sanitizer. On that note, if you suspect that your watch may have become contaminated in the course of helping a patient or cleaning up a scene, you're going to need to put that watch into the bloodborne equivalent of the concussion protocol. This protocol could be different for everyone, based on their own unique work practice controls that are covered under the bloodborne pathogens rule. So, know the specifics of your situation and workplace. However, in general, you'll want to remove the watch using proper personal protective equipment and sanitize and disinfect it appropriately. A Word About Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) is equipment that is appropriate for your job duties and should be available to you in your workplace. A PPE includes all specialized clothing, equipment, and supplies that keep you from coming in direct contact with infected materials. These include CPR breathing barriers, disposable gloves, gowns, masks, shields, and protective eyewear. Disposable Latex-Free Gloves Wear disposable, latex-free gloves for all patient contact. There are powder-free gloves available as well as disposable latex-free gloves made of vinyl. Also consider nitrile gloves, as many consider them the preferred option when working with bloodborne pathogens. Eye Protection Safety glasses with side shields are a great way to protect your eyes in certain situations. If there's a risk of splashing or spraying of bodily fluids, use goggles or a full-face shield, as they'll greatly reduce the risk of contamination of the mouth, nose, and eyes. CPR Breathing Barriers CPR breathing barriers include resuscitation masks, shields, and BVMs. CPR breathing barriers help protect you against disease transmission when performing CPR or giving ventilations to a patient. Masks A mask is a personal protective device worn on the face that's designed to cover at least the nose and mouth, and which helps to reduce the risk of inhaling hazardous airborne particles, gases, and vapors. A high-efficiency particulate air mask will filter out at least 95 percent of airborne particles. Remember that masks must be fit-tested to be effective. Gowns In situations where there are large amounts of blood or other possibly infectious materials, consider wearing a disposable gown. If your clothing becomes contaminated, remove it and shower as soon as possible. And wash the clothes in a separate load. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2097/handwashing-2013.jpg Yes 182 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/unconscious-child-choking-first-aid https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2034.mp4 Unconscious Child Choking In this lesson, you'll learn how to help a choking victim who is an unconscious child. Just as with our last fictional choking scenario, this victim went unconscious while you were trying to help them. Much of this lesson will look exactly like the unconscious adult choking lesson that you just finished. However, keep in mind that we learn through repetition and you can always expect a nugget or two (or seven) that wasn't in the last lesson. How to Provide Care As always, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and that your gloves are on, and that you have your rescue shield handy. Help lower the child to the ground or floor, so they don't sustain a trauma from a hard fall. Pay extra attention to supporting their head and neck. Call 911 and activate EMS if you haven't already done so. Enlist the help of a bystander if one is available. Locate the area over the heart to begin chest compressions. Pro Tip #1: While likely a refresher, it's important to remember your CPR compressions landmark – center of the chest on the lower third of the sternum. And don't forget, that to maximize cardiac output, position yourself directly over the victim's chest and not off to one side. If you're not directly over the heart, you may not adequately compress it. Stand or kneel directly over the victim's chest. Lock your elbows and use only your upper body weight to supply the force for the chest compressions, and count as you perform them. Conduct compressions that go 1/3 the depth of the victim's chest and at a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to two compressions per second. Perform 30 chest compressions. Remember, once you perform a chest compression, make sure you allow for full recoil of the chest cavity. You want to allow the chest to come all the way back to the neutral position before performing another compression. Lift the victim's chin and tilt his or her head back slightly. Look inside their mouth. See if any obstructions came loose from the chest compressions. If you see something, sweep it out using your finger. If you don't, continue with the following steps. Grab the rescue shield and place it over the victim's mouth and nose. Pinch the victim's nose and open their mouth. Deliver a rescue breath and watch for the victim's chest to rise. If the chest doesn't rise, reposition the head and chin and try again. If the second breath also doesn't result in a chest rise, go right back into your 30 chest compressions. Look in their mouth again after the 30 chest compressions. If you see an object, sweep it out and try two more rescue breaths. If the rescue breaths go in this time – causing the chest to rise and fall – reassess the victim for signs of breathing normally and/or responsiveness. Remember, we're assuming your chest compressions were able to dislodge the obstruction and you got it out of the victim's mouth. At this point, either they're breathing normally and becoming more responsive, or they're not. If not, continue to perform 30 compression to two rescue breaths. Continue to perform CPR until EMS arrives, an AED is located, someone equally trained relieves you, or the victim becomes responsive and begins breathing normally again. A Few Common Random Questions that (may) Pertain to Choking Victims What are the differences between child CPR and adult CPR? There are three distinct differences to be aware of. Opening the Airway While the same head tilt maneuver is applied to children as it is for adults, make sure there is less hypertension in a child's neck compared to adults. To do that, simply tilt the head back only slightly past neutral. Your goal is a chin angle that's less pronounced and more perpendicular to the ground. Remember, with infants, that tilt is even less pronounced, as in neutral or slightly sniffing. With infants, it's more about distancing the chin from the chest, due to a neck that's still in the stubby stage. Performing Compressions The compressions you perform on a child are very similar to those you would perform on an adult. The only difference is in the compression depth. While adult CPR has a depth of 2-2.4 inches, when administering CPR on a child, two inches will usually be the maximum depth. And in very small children, it's better to perform compressions using just one hand. But since human beings tend to come in many different sizes, stick to your 1/3 the depth of the chest and you'll never be wrong. Using AEDs As you recently learned, AEDs work the same regardless of age. However, the pads themselves, as well as pad placement, will vary based on the size of the victim. If your cardiac arrest victim weighs more than 55 pounds, continue using the adult AED pads. If the victim weighs less than 55 pounds, use pediatric AED pads if available. And yes, you'll have to guess when it comes to their weight. How well do compressions work for dislodging an obstruction? Just because your choking victim went unconscious, there's no reason to panic, as chest compressions work surprisingly well for removing airway obstructions. Performing those compression perfectly will also help. If the victim begins breathing again but it's not “normal breathing”, what are some signs I can look for? Just as there are many reasons why a person would experience respiratory or airway issues, there are also numerous signs and symptoms that can alert you to a problem, including: The person is unable to speak, can only speak a few words, or has a hoarse-sounding voice excessive use of abdominal muscles to breathe muscles between the ribs pull in on inhalation pursed lips breathing nasal flaring fatigue Adequate breathing means that respiratory rate – 12-20 for adults, 15-30 for children, 25-50 for infants – depth and effort are all normal. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3627/unconscious-child-choking-first-aid-2015.jpg Yes 190 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/unconscious-adult-choking-first-aid https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2033.mp4 Unconscious Adult Choking In this lesson, we'll cover how to help an adult choking victim who is unconscious. In our fictional scenario, the adult victim went unconscious while you were trying to help them. The method of care will closely resemble performing CPR, which you recently learned, however, there are subtle differences to pay attention to. How to Provide Care As always, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and that your gloves are on, and that you have your rescue shield handy. Help lower the victim to the ground or floor, so they don't fall and injure themselves. Pay extra attention to supporting their head and neck. Call 911 and activate EMS if you haven't already done so. Locate the area over the heart to begin chest compressions – between the breasts and on the lower third of the sternum. Stand or kneel directly over the victim's chest. Lock your elbows and use only your upper body weight to supply the force for the chest compressions, and count as you perform them. Pro Tip #1: To maintain a steady rhythm, count out loud while performing chest compressions – one, as you press down, and, as you allow the chest to recoil. When you reach 13, drop the and to maintain a two-syllable cadence on the compressions and not disrupt the rhythm. Remember to make sure you're directly over the victim's chest to maximize cardiac output, and not off to one side. If you're not directly over the chest, you may not adequately compress the heart. Conduct compressions that go 2-2.4 inches deep (or 1/3 the depth of the victim's chest) and at a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to two compressions per second. Perform 30 chest compressions. Warning: Once you perform a chest compression, make sure you allow for full recoil of the chest cavity. You want to allow the chest to come all the way back to the neutral position before performing another compression. Pro Tip #2: There are no complications when performing chest compressions on a pregnant woman, as you're not near the womb and baby when doing them. Proceed as you would for any other adult patient. Lift the victim's chin and tilt his or her head back. Look inside their mouth. See if any obstructions came loose from the chest compressions. If you see something, sweep it out using your finger. If you don't, continue with the following steps. Grab the rescue shield and place it over the victim's mouth and nose. Pinch the victim's nose and open their mouth. Deliver a rescue breath and watch for the victim's chest to rise. If the chest doesn't rise, reposition the head and chin and try again. If the second breath also doesn't result in a chest rise, go right back into your 30 chest compressions. Look in their mouth again after the 30 chest compressions. If you see an object, sweep it out and try two more rescue breaths. If the rescue breaths go in this time – causing the chest to rise and fall – reassess the victim for signs of breathing normally and/or responsiveness. Pro Tip #3: Let's assume your compressions were able to dislodge the obstruction and you got it out of the victim's mouth. At this point, either they're breathing normally and becoming more responsive, or they're not. If not, continue to perform 30 compressions to two rescue breaths. Continue to perform CPR until EMS arrives, an AED is located, someone equally trained relieves you, or the victim becomes responsive and begins breathing normally again. How You can Increase the Effectiveness of CPR It's important to understand what constitutes high-quality CPR, as performing CPR correctly will give the victim the best chance of survival. With that in mind, here are two lists (cheat sheets) to use when practicing CPR – one list of what to do and what of what NOT to do. What is High-Quality CPR? Performing chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute Compressing to a depth of at least 2 inches but not exceeding 2.4 (for adults) Allowing for full recoil after each compression Minimizing pauses in compressions Ventilating adequately – two breaths after 30 compressions, with each breath delivered over one second, and each causing the victim's chest to rise What is Low-Quality CPR? Compressing at a rate slower than 100 per minute or faster than 120 per minute Compressing to a depth of less than two inches or greater than 2.4 inches Leaning on the chest between compressions or performing compressions while not directly over the victim's heart Interrupting compressions for greater than 10 seconds Providing excessive ventilation – too many breaths or breaths with excessive force https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3625/unconscious-adult-choking-first-aid-2015.jpg Yes 160 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/concussion https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2038.mp4 Concussion This lesson is for those times when a head injury may have led to one of the more common and serious injuries – concussions. Pro Tip #1: Concussions occur as the brain moves abruptly from side to side inside the skull, essentially bouncing off the walls that protect it. In serious concussion cases, the brain can shut down immediately, causing the victim to lose consciousness. Even in situations that don't involve a loss of consciousness, a person who exhibits other concussion signs and symptoms are at least mildly concussed. Part of your job is to determine if the victim is concussed and how severe it is by reading the signs and asking open-ended questions. Warning: The most important thing to keep in mind as you deal with someone who has sustained a head injury, as soon as it appears to be a concussion, that deserves an immediate 911 call. Even if the patient begins to recover, concussions are too traumatic and can develop into something more life-threatening. How to Assess and Treat a Concussion As always, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and that your gloves are on. Make sure you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve handy and begin calling out to the victim. Are you OK? Can you hear me? If the patient is conscious and responsive, ask yourself if there are other medical emergencies that would warrant calling 911 and activating EMS? If not, continue with your assessment. Introduce yourself to the victim: "Hi, my name's _____. I'm a paramedic. I'm going to ask you some questions." "Do you remember what just happened?" "Do you know if you hit your head?" If you suspect a head injury, ask questions about headaches, blurred vision, nausea, while also looking over the victim for concussion symptoms including: Eye-tracking – can they follow your finger Blurred vision, which indicates swelling in the brain Dizziness, loss of balance Nausea, vomiting Loss of memory Dazed and confused If the victim exhibits any of these symptoms, it's best to call 911 immediately. If they don't, continue assessing them. "Do you know what day it is?" "Do you know what year it is?" If the victim answers those two questions incorrectly, you're likely dealing with someone who has hit their head and may have a concussion. Which as you know by now, deserves a 911 call. Pro Tip #2: When it comes to head injuries, it's better to be safe than sorry. Get the patient to the ER whenever in any doubt and get them properly examined. Always err on the side of patient welfare. Continue to assess for signs of something more serious. How are the pupils? Is the patient breathing normally? Is the patient still responsive and seemingly alert? And continue to monitor the patient for signs of shock. Remember, if you begin seeing signs of shock, cover the patient with a blanket or coat and try to keep them as warm as possible. Any signs of shock demand an immediate 911 call. In concussion cases, the patient will likely require a 24-hour observation period to make sure that symptoms and swelling in the brain are reduced, which is the norm. However, these issues and symptoms can also worsen. A Word About Injuries to the Head The problem is that the head lacks the padding often present in other areas of the body. Which means it can easily be injured. And that injury can easily be considered serious. There are two main types of head injuries – open and closed. An open head injury is one that breaks or penetrates the skull. Excessive bleeding can occur and controlling that bleeding will be vital for a positive outcome. The other type is a closed head injury. Closed head injuries occur when the brain strikes against the inside of the skull and when the skull remains intact. These injuries are much more difficult to detect as there is a decided lack of visible clues. The four subtypes of head injuries are: Concussion Skull fractures Penetrating wounds Scalp injuries Let's take a deeper look into the physical, emotional, and behavioral signs and symptoms of a concussion. Physical symptoms include: Headache Blurry vision Nausea or vomiting Dizziness Sensitivity to noise or light Balance problems Feeling sluggish Emotional symptoms include: Irritability Sadness Heightened emotions Nervousness or anxiety Behavioral symptoms include: Sleeping more or less than usual Difficulty falling asleep Changes in playing habits for kids Changes in eating habits Thinking and remembering skills may also be impacted and include the following symptoms: Difficulty thinking clearly Difficulty remembering events that occurred just prior to the incident and just after the incident Difficulty remembering new information Difficulty concentrating Feeling mentally foggy Difficulty processing information https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3635/concussion-2015.jpg Yes 190 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/opioid-overdose https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2075.mp4 Opioid Overdose As the opioid epidemic rages on and grows, learning how to treat for opioid overdose becomes even more important. And that's the focus of this lesson – learning how to assess for, and provide treatment for, opioid/opiate overdose. Opioids are central nervous system depressants. The central nervous system is responsible for controlling every organ, system, and function in the human body, including both the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. When the central nervous system becomes depressed too much, these organs, systems, and functions will begin to slow down and eventually cease to operate. Who is at Risk of an Opioid Overdose? While you're right to think that addicts and illegal drug users are most at risk, the truth is that anyone who takes an opiate or opioid is at risk of overdosing, particularly when: An amount is taken beyond the prescribed dose It's taken in combination with other central nervous system depressants, like alcohol The patient has an unknown medical condition that creates a hypersensitivity to opioids Common opiates/opioids include: Heroin Morphine Codeine Methadone Hydrocodone (brand names: Vicodin, Lortab) Oxycodone (brand name: Percocet) There are some commonly used drugs that can cause signs and symptoms similar to an opioid overdose, including: Cocaine LSD Ecstasy Tranquilizers Marijuana Pro Tip #1: While the standard and immediate treatment for opioid overdose (spoiler alert: Naloxone) works well to reverse the condition and revive the patient, if their problem is one related to another substance, like those in the list above, naloxone will have zero effect. How to Provide Care As always, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and that your gloves are on. Make sure you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve handy and begin calling out to the victim to assess whether or not he or she is responsive. Are you OK? Can you hear me? If the patient is unconscious, you'll want to assess for normal breathing and determine if the patient has a pulse. As you know by now, the presence of a pulse but not normal breathing means you'll go right into rescue breathing. While the absence of both means you'll perform full CPR. While it may not always be possible to be certain of an opiate/opioid overdose, there are some signs to point in that direction, including: Drugs or empty drug packages near the victim Very slow respiration Pinpoint pupils Treatment for Opioid Overdose For patients with known or suspected opiate/opioid addiction issues, the immediate course of treatment is administering naloxone, either by intramuscular injection or intranasal mist. Of course, make sure administering naloxone is allowed per your organization's regulations and protocols. Pro Tip #2: The recommended dose of naloxone is 2mg for the rapid reversal of overdose symptoms when respiratory distress is present. The benefit of using a nasal atomizer is that it will administer the naloxone in a readily available form, like a fine mist which the patient can quickly absorb. To administer naloxone via the nasal atomizer, proceed with the following steps: Assemble the nasal atomizer per the instructions. Tilt the patient's head back slightly. Position the nasal atomizer into one nostril and briskly spray half of the amount (approximately 1cc). Position the nasal atomizer into the other nostril and spray the remaining naloxone. Wait 3-5 minutes. Continue to perform rescue breathing or CPR while waiting for the naloxone to take effect. If there isn't any change in the patient after 3-5 minutes, administer a second dose of naloxone. If a second dose doesn't revive the patient, something else is likely wrong. Either there aren't any opiates in the patient's system. Or they're unusually strong or plentiful and will require more naloxone. A Word About the Signs and Symptoms of Substance Abuse and Misuse Many of the signs and symptoms of substance abuse and misuse are similar to those of other medical emergencies. Which means you cannot necessarily assume that individuals who are stumbling, disoriented, or have a fruity, alcohol-like odor on the breath are intoxicated by alcohol or other drugs, as this may also be a sign of a diabetic emergency. As in other medical emergencies, you don't have to be certain of your diagnosis for substance abuse or misuse to provide care. It can be helpful, however, if you notice certain clues that suggest what the problem really is. Such clues will also help you provide as much complete information to advanced medical personnel so that they can continue providing prompt and appropriate care. Often these clues will come from the patient, bystanders, or the scene itself. As mentioned earlier, look for containers, pill bottles, drug paraphernalia, and signs of other medical problems. If the patient is incoherent or unconscious, try to get information from any bystanders or family members. Since many of the physical signs of substance abuse mimic other conditions, you may not be able to determine that a patient has overdosed. To provide care, you only need to recognize abnormalities in breathing, skin color and moisture, body temperature, and behavior, any of which may indicate a condition requiring professional help. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3709/opioid-overdose-2015.jpg Yes 290 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/hands-only-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2029.mp4 Hands-Only CPR Hands-only CPR is designed for the untrained lay rescuer or someone who isn't comfortable or confident giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Research suggests that hands-only CPR is most effective on adults, as cardiovascular problems are often the cause of their cardiac arrest. Whereas, in children, the majority of their cardiac arrest events have to do with respiratory deficiencies. Of course, performing full CPR – a combination of 30 compressions to two rescue breaths – is always going to provide the best chances for a positive outcome. However, hands-only CPR is better than no CPR at all; even on children. How to Provide Care The first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and begin calling out to the victim to assess whether or not he or she is responsive. Are you OK? Can you hear me? If you don't get a response, proceed with the following steps. Call 911 and activate EMS. Put your phone on speaker so the dispatcher can assist you. Locate the area over the heart to begin chest compressions – between the breasts and on the lower third of the sternum. Stand or kneel directly over the patient's chest. Lock your elbows and use only your upper body weight to supply the force for the chest compressions, and count as you perform them. Conduct compressions that go 2-2.4 inches deep – for adults – or 1/3 the depth of the victim's chest and at a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to two compressions per second. Pro Tip #1: Make sure you're directly over the victim's chest to maximize cardiac output, and not off to one side. If you're not directly over the chest, you may not adequately compress the heart. Continue to perform chest compressions until help arrives or the victim is responsive and breathing normally. Pro Tip #2: To maintain a steady rhythm, count out loud while performing chest compressions – one, as you press down, and, as you allow the chest to recoil. When you reach 13, drop the and to maintain a two-syllable cadence on the compressions and not disrupt the rhythm. Warning: Once you perform a chest compression, make sure you allow for full recoil of the chest cavity. You want to allow the chest to come all the way back to the neutral position before performing another compression. A Word About Other Cardiovascular Emergencies There are a number of conditions that can mirror cardiac arrest or make diagnosis difficult. Knowing what those are and how they're caused may help eliminate any confusion. Angina Pectoris Angina pectoris is a medical term that simply means pain in the chest. It occurs when the heart requires more oxygen than it is receiving, usually due to the arteries being too narrow. It's often triggered when the patient is exercising or becomes too excited or emotionally upset. Arrhythmias Arrhythmias are electrical disturbances in the heart that affect its regular rhythm. Some people with arrhythmias don't experience any cardiovascular problems, while in others, an arrhythmia can indicate a greater underlying problem that could lead to heart disease, stroke, or heart attack. Atrial Fibrillation Atrial fibrillation is a common type of abnormal heart rhythm, where the upper two chambers (the atria) are not coordinating their beats with the two lower chambers (the ventricles). This causes an irregular and often rapid heart rate that results in inadequate circulation to the ventricles. Atrial fibrillation is usually not life threatening, however, it could lead to a stroke or heart attack. Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart can no longer pump blood effectively, thereby limiting circulation throughout the body. This can result in high blood pressure and fluid buildup – which can contribute to difficulty breathing and weight gain. People with congestive heart failure will often experience swelling of the face, hands, feet, legs, and ankles. Hypertension Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is one of the many risk factors for heart attacks and stroke. A person has hypertension if their blood pressure is higher than 140/90 mmHg. There are numerous causes of hypertension, including certain medications, stress, and high sodium intake, or underlying conditions like kidney abnormalities and/or an adrenal gland tumor. Diabetes People with diabetes often experience problems with their nerves and nervous system. In these cases, a person with this type of diabetes-related complication may experience what's known as a silent heart attack, as the brain and nervous system don't produce any symptoms, or produce warning signs that are too mild to notice. If this is the case, special diagnostic tests may be required to get confirmation of a heart attack. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3617/hands-only-cpr-2015.jpg Yes 199 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/stroke https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2019.mp4 Stroke In this lesson, we're going to go over what a stroke is, what the signs and symptoms are that will indicate to you that there's an emergency, and what to do if you suspect a stroke. And we'll even teach you an easy-to-remember acronym to make your stroke assessment a little easier. What is a Stroke? A stroke, also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a disruption of blood flow to a part of the brain, which may cause permanent damage to brain tissue if not appropriately treated in a timely manner. There's a common analogy that works well to describe what a stroke is – a stroke is like a heart attack in the brain. This analogy works because what typically causes a stroke is usually what causes a heart attack – a blocked blood vessel – only in the brain rather than the heart. When a blood vessel blockage occurs, it starves the brain of oxygenated blood, which will quickly result in neurological effects in the patient's body. A stroke can also be caused by a bursting of a blood vessel rather than a blockage. In these cases, the condition is known as a hemorrhagic stroke, and is normally the result of an aneurism. The important takeaway is that hemorrhagic stroke is treated differently than strokes that occur from blood vessel blockage. What are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke? Using the acronym FAST, you'll be able to navigate quickly through the list of stroke symptoms and systematically check them off as you go. And ultimately, if the patient is having a stroke, call 911 and activate EMS. F – Facial Droop If you're having a difficult time assessing the patient for facial droop, ask them to smile at you. If the droop isn't initially very pronounced, it will be when the patient tries to smile. Does the smile look normal? Or is one corner of the mouth lower than the other? A – Arm Raise both of the patient's arms out in front of them and ask the patient to hold that position. Does one arm fall lower than the other? Or do they both remain in the position you left them? If one arm does begin to fall, as the patient cannot hold it up, it will likely be the arm on the same side of the body as the facial droop. S – Slurred Speech During medical emergencies, patients are naturally panicked, and it can affect their speech. To better assess for this stroke sign, ask them a question – like what their birth date is – or to repeat a certain phrase, like "I love blueberries". If the patient answers with slurred speech, you can check another item off your FAST checklist. T – Time Time is of the essence when it comes to treating stroke victims. But it's also important to know what time symptoms began in each victim, as this will matter when healthcare professionals begin trying to recirculate oxygenated blood back into the brain's tissue. Your quick actions and attention to detail will go a long way to helping the patient recover with as little long-lasting damage as possible. What to do if You Suspect a Patient is Having a Stroke If you haven't already called 911 and activated EMS, do so immediately. Expediting treatment is key to the patient regaining as much quality of life as they can. While waiting for EMS to arrive, reassure the patient. Tell them you're not going anywhere and that you'll take good care of them. And make them as comfortable as possible while you wait. A Word About the Signs and Symptoms of Stroke Other than the stroke alert criteria in FAST that you should be looking for, there are a few other signs and symptoms of stroke that may help you assess the patient better. Loss of vision or disturbed vision in one or both eyes; the pupils may also be of unequal size Sudden severe headache; you may hear the patient describe the pain as the worst headache ever Confusion, dizziness, agitation, loss of consciousness, or other severe altered mental states Loss of balance or coordination, trouble walking, or ringing in the ears Incontinence Pro Tip #1: it's important to understand the difference between a full-blown stroke and a TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack), sometimes called a mini-stroke. The latter is caused by reduced blood flow to a part of the brain, but unlike a stroke, the signs and symptoms disappear within a few minutes or hours of onset. With a TIA, after a short time, blood flows again and the symptoms go away. With a stroke, the blood flow stays blocked, and the brain is more likely to suffer permanent damage. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3599/stroke-2015.jpg Yes 409 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/infant-cpr-profa https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7172.mp4 Infant CPR Infant-related cardiac arrests are typically the result of: Drowning Choking/airway obstruction Electrocution Just as with child CPR, due to the nature of these occurrences, providing proper ventilation and oxygenation will be vital for a successful resuscitation. How to Provide Care After making sure the scene is safe, that your gloves are on, and that you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve, begin calling out to the victim to assess whether or not the infant is responsive. Are you OK? Can you hear me? If you don't get an initial response, place your hand on his or her forehead and tap on the bottom of the baby's feet. If you still do not get a response, proceed with the following steps. Call 911 and activate EMS or call in a code if you're in a healthcare setting. If there is a bystander nearby, you can ask for their help – calling 911, locating an AED, etc. In the event that you do not know how to proceed, call 911 on your cell phone, put it on speaker, and follow their instructions. Check the infant for breathing - you don’t see any. If you've determined at this point that the victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally, continue immediately with CPR. CPR Technique for Infants Place two thumbs on the lower part of the sternum in the center of the infant's chest. Your fingers should wrap around the chest. Alternatively, you can give compressions using the heel of 1 hand in the center of the chest. Conduct 30 compressions that go to a depth of 1/3 of the infant's chest cavity, which should be around 1.5 inches deep, and at a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to two compressions per second. Grab the rescue mask and seal it over the victim's face and nose. Pro Tip #1: It's important to have a properly sized rescue mask. In other words, one that fits the size of the victim's face.  Place something firm under the infant's shoulders to lengthen the neck a little and create a neutral or slightly sniffing head position. Breathe into the rescue mask and wait for the chest to rise and fall before administering the next breath. Continue to perform 30 chest compressions to two rescue breaths until help arrives, an AED arrives, or the victim is responding positively and breathing normally. A Word About CPR Compression Rate and Depth Performing proper chest compressions is essential for providing high-quality CPR, which greatly improves the patient's chances for a successful outcome. Chest compressions put pressure on the heart to send oxygenated blood through the arteries to the brain and other vital organs. Chest compressions also increase the likelihood of a successful AED shock for the patient, particularly if several minutes have elapsed since the patient collapsed or suffered an incident leading to respiratory distress. Chest compression effectiveness is reduced if: Compressions are too shallow The compression rate is too fast or too slow There isn't a full recoil of the chest cavity There are interruptions during CPR The patient isn't laying on a firm, flat surface Warning: Compression rates that exceed 120 per minute tend to have a negative impact on compression depth, perhaps due to responders rushing through them. Regardless, if the compression rate exceeds 120 per minute, you are less likely to compress the full 1/3 of the chest for infants and children, thereby reducing the effectiveness of CPR. If you are unsure if you're compressing at the correct depth, a feedback device might be helpful. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13004/infant-cpr-2025.jpg Yes 357 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/conscious-adult-choking https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7179.mp4 Conscious Adult Choking This conscious adult choking lesson is for situations where you can see that an adult is choking and he or she is conscious. The choking victim will usually be exhibiting some unmistakable signs, including: They cannot cough They cannot breathe They cannot speak Another sign to look for is the universal sign for choking – when the victim places both of their hands around their throat. The good news is that, even when dealing with a full obstruction, in most situations the obstruction will come out if you perform the back blows and abdominal thrusts correctly. Pro Tip #1: Only worry about calling 911 and activating EMS if doing so is quick and easy, or there is another person nearby that can call. Otherwise, don't waste time calling 911 and go right into assessing and rescuing the victim. How to Provide Care The first thing you want to do is face the person and look them in the eyes. You want confirmation that the victim is choking, and you want to receive permission to help the person. "Are you choking?" The person will probably nod yes. "May I help you?" You'll likely get another nod. If the victim is conscious, it's always a good idea to get permission and it only takes a second. Back Blows Technique for Adults Stand to the side and slightly behind the victim, but facing them with feet shoulder width apart. Support the victim with the seatbelt hold. For this, take one arm and use it to support the chest. Then, lean them forward. Take the heel of your other hand and locate the center of their back between their shoulder blades (scapula)  and deliver 5 forceful back blows. If the airway is still obstructed, move to abdominal thrusts. Abdominal Thrust Technique for Adults Stand behind the victim, placing one foot between the victim’s feet and the other shoulder width apart further behind for a strong stance. Elevate the victim's arms and elbows so you have clear access to the abdominal area. Locate the belly button (navel) using the index finger on your dominant hand and hold it there. This is the landmark you'll use to find the correct abdominal point. On your non-dominant hand, tuck in your thumb and place your fist thumb-first above the finger that's on the belly button, essentially stacking one on top of the other vertically. Pro Tip #2: Make sure you stay below the bottom tip of the rib cage (xyphoid process) and above the belly button (navel). This is the diaphragmatic region where you'll be performing the abdominal thrusts. Take your index finger off the belly button and wrap that dominant hand over your other hand that's positioned on the victim's diaphragm. Keep your elbows out so they're resting on the victim's ribs as little as possible. Thrust up and in and turn your palms upward as you perform each thrust. Perform five abdominal thrusts or until the object comes out. Pro Tip #3: It's important to turn your hands upward as you perform each thrust, as this will bring the diaphragm up and in and compress the lower lobes of the lungs, forcing air to shoot up the trachea and pop the obstruction out. This works in the majority of choking situations. Alternate between Back Blows and Abdominal Thrusts until the object comes out or the victim becomes unconscious. If the object comes out, the victim will begin coughing to help clear the airway and should begin breathing normally again in a matter of seconds. Encourage the victim and let the person know that he or she is OK now and have them sit down if necessary. If the victim goes unconscious, ensure 911 has been called and begin CPR with chest compressions. However, before giving breaths, we check the airway before giving breaths. This is the skill for unconscious choking. If you called 911, let them come anyway, so the person can be examined. EMS responders can check the choking victim's airway and listen to their lungs to make certain that there are no partial obstructions remaining. Advanced medical evaluation is still usually encouraged to ensure there is no interal injuries. If you did not call 911, it's always a good idea to encourage the choking victim to see his or her own doctor to make sure everything is OK. If you weren't able to remove the obstruction using the abdominal thrust technique, the victim will go unconscious pretty quickly. Help lower them to the ground, so they don't fall and injure themselves. Call 911 immediately and activate EMS or call in a code if in a healthcare setting. Then begin performing the unconscious adult choking procedure. Special Consideration for Pregnant Women It's important to remember that when treating a pregnant woman, regardless of the situation, you're actually treating two patients. Saving mom is always the priority, as saving mom will also save the baby. So, be just as aggressive in your treatment. However, you don't want to injure the baby while performing the abdominal thrusts. Which is why you'll be using a different area for the thrusts – directly under the breasts and on top of the sternum. Therefore, if the 5 back blows do not work perform 5 chest thrusts. Switch between back blows and chest thrusts until the object is dislodged, the victim loses consciousness or trained rescuers take over. Pro Tip #4: Besides the point of thrusting, there is only one other difference when dealing with an adult choking victim who's pregnant. The thrusts will be inward only; not up and in. A Word About Types of Airway Obstruction There are two types of airway obstructions – anatomical and mechanical, also referred to as Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (FBAO). Anatomical obstructions occur when a part of the victim's anatomy is causing the blocked airway. It could be due to the tongue, swollen mouth tissues, or a swollen throat. The tongue is the most common type of anatomical obstruction, as it relaxes in unconscious victims when their bodies are deprived of oxygen. Because the tongue tends to relax on the back of the throat in these situations, it can block airflow to the lungs. Mechanical or FBAO obstructions include food, toys, and liquids. Poorly chewed food is the biggest culprit – eating too fast and/or laughing, talking, or running while eating can contribute to choking. And with small children, it's no surprise that toys are also a common choking obstruction. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13018/conscious-adult-choking-2025.jpg Yes 350 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/hands-only-cpr-practice https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2114.mp4 Practice: Hands Only CPR When doing hands-only or compression-only CPR, you do not do cycle breathing. You simply continue chest compressions until EMS arrives. Learn this skill by watching the procedure be performed on a mannequin. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3787/hands-only-cpr-practice-2015.jpg Yes 85 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/adult-aed-community-lay-rescuer-practice https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2115.mp4 Practice: Adult AED Learn how to give CPR with an AED to an adult who is unconscious and not breathing by watching the procedure performed on a mannequin. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3789/adult-aed-community-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 220 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/child-aed-lay-rescuer-practice https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2116.mp4 Practice: Child AED Learn how to give CPR with an AED to a child who is unconscious and not breathing by watching the procedure performed on a mannequin. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3791/child-aed-lay-rescuer-practice-2015.jpg Yes 211 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/infant-aed-fa https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7176.mp4 Infant AED In this lesson, you'll learn how to use an AED on an infant who's gone into cardiac arrest. The methods of defibrillating an infant differ a little from adults and children, so be sure and make note of those differences. As you know, AED pads come in two sizes – adult and pediatric. Pediatric pads are for patients less than 8 years old or 55 pounds or roughly 25 kilograms, while adult pads are for anyone 8 years and older or weighing more than 55 pounds. So, since we are talking about infants, we will always opt for the pediatric pads. However, if you do not have pediatric pads available, use the adult pads. It's far better to use the wrong size pads than it is to forgo using an AED. Studies have shown using adult pads to be safe and effective based on the limited data available. Pro Tip #1: Some AEDs have a key or button that can be used for switching to pediatric energy levels. Be sure to use pediatric settings or pads when possible. Infant-related cardiac arrests are typically the result of: Drowning Choking/airway obstruction Electrocution This is important for reasons of scene safety. If the infant was pulled from a pool, is he or she laying in too much water to safely use an AED? If the infant was electrocuted, is the source of that electricity still a threat? It's always important to make sure the scene is safe before helping another person, but it's especially important when using an AED, where one spark can cause a lot of problems in the wrong situation. (And why we often mention combustible gases and flammable liquids in our scene safety warnings.) How to Provide Care Just like the last two AED lessons, we're going to assume a few things: The scene is safe, and your gloves are on You or someone else has called 911 You have an AED that's ready to use The infant is already in cardiac arrest (not breathing, not conscious, not moving) CPR is already in progress AED Technique for Infants Turn on the AED. Remove the infant's clothing to reveal a bare chest and dry the chest off if it's wet. Since one pad will go on the infant's back, be sure that area is also accessible and dry. Attach one AED pad to the infant's chest, roll the baby over onto his or her side carefully while supporting the head and neck, and attach the second pad to the center of the infant's back between the shoulder blades. Pro Tip #2: The AED should include a diagram on pad placement if you ever need help. And make sure they adhere well and aren't peeling off, as this will affect the AED's effectiveness. Plug the cable into the AED and be sure no one is touching the victim. The AED should now be analyzing the rhythm of the infant's heart. The AED will automatically charge if the AED finds a shockable rhythm. If the scene is clear and no one is touching the victim, push the discharge button to deliver a shock. Then go right back into CPR. It's OK to perform CPR over the pads, so don't worry about moving them. Remember, you want to minimize compression interruptions. Don't delay or interrupt compressions any longer than absolutely necessary and this includes after a shock is delivered. Go right back into your compressions. Perform 30 chest compressions. Grab the rescue shield and place it over the victim's mouth and nose. Seal your mouth over the infant's mouth and nose. Deliver two rescue breaths – Breathe into the rescue mask slowly (over one second) and watch for the chest to rise, then stop. Wait for the chest to fall before administering the next breath, this is about two seconds between breaths. Continue with CPR until the AED interrupts you. At some point, it will reanalyze the victim's heart rhythm and again advise you on what to do next. If the AED advises a shock, do that. If it advises you to NOT shock the victim, continue with CPR only, again over the pads. (The AED will continue to reanalyze.) Continue this cycle of CPR, re-analyzation, charging, shock, back into CPR until EMS arrives, the patient is responsive and breathing normally, or someone who's equally trained or better can relieve you. A Few Common Questions About AED Use Why is it so important to not disrupt or delay CPR compressions? Current research suggests that minimizing all delays is important for victim recovery, including that first compression after an AED shock. Compressions immediately help get the victim's pulse pressures back up and oxygenated blood circulating again. Will a wet diaper cause a problem with an AED? No. As wetness concerns AED use, as long as the victim isn't submerged in a pool or puddle of water, you should be fine. Keep in mind that the only areas that need to be dry are those where the pads will go. Can I remove the pads if the victim begins breathing normally again? No. Keep the pads on until EMS or other advanced medical personnel take over. The AED will continue monitoring the victim and will advise you again should problems arise, so keep the pads on and the AED turned on. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13012/infant-aed-2025.jpg Yes 329 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/conscious-infant-choking https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7181.mp4 Conscious Infant Choking This conscious infant choking lesson is for situations where you can see that an infant is choking and he or she is conscious. The choking victim will usually be exhibiting some unmistakable signs, including: They cannot cough They cannot breathe They cannot speak or babble or make any noise Their lips are beginning to show signs of circumoral cyanosis – a blue ring around the lips that indicates early signs of oxygen starvation Signs that the infant is conscious include: The baby is still moving around The baby's eyes are open Remember to activate EMS as soon as possible so long as it doesn’t delay care. If possible, have another person nearby call. Otherwise, don't waste time calling 911 and go right into assessing and helping the infant. How to Provide Care Helping a conscious choking infant isn’t significantly different than helping a child or an adult. You'll still be performing a combination of back slaps and thrusts to try and dislodge the airway obstruction. The biggest difference between infants when compared to adults or children, rather than performing abdominal thrusts, for infants we need to make sure we are performing chest thrusts rather than abdominal thrusts. Warning: Due to the fragile nature of infants performing abdominal thrusts on them could cause severe internal injuries. Chest thrusts should be used for conscious choking infants. If there is a parent or legal guardian present, make sure to get permission before beginning the following procedure. Back Slap and Chest Thrust Technique for Infants Place your thumb and index finger over the baby's cheekbones and around the face. Make sure you're supporting the infant's head and neck. Turn the infant over so they are facing down. Rest the infant's body on your forearm, so their legs are straddling your bicep. Rest your forearm on your leg for additional support. Pro Tip #1: Hold the baby at about a 30-45-degree angle, so the head is lower than the feet. This will allow gravity to assist, rather than hinder, your efforts. Using your other palm, perform five back slaps between the infant's shoulder blades. Using the same hand that you just used to perform the back slaps, hold the back of their head and neck and turn the baby over so they are facing up. Place the heel of your hand on the sternum in the center of the infant's chest. Make sure the head is lower, just like before, at around a 30-45-degree angle. Perform five chest thrusts, much like you would when performing CPR on an infant. Pro Tip #2: It's important that you keep the infant's body stabilized when doing the back slaps and chest thrusts. If you allow the infant's body to move downward with each slap or thrust, you'll minimize the effects necessary to force enough air up the trachea to remove the obstruction. Continue to perform a combination of back slaps and chest thrusts until the object comes out and the infant is breathing normally again. If you called 911, let them come anyway, so the infant can be examined. EMS responders can check the choking victim's airway and listen to their lungs to make certain that there are no partial obstructions remaining. Pro Tip #3: If you did not call 911, it's always a good idea for you or someone else to take the infant into an urgent care center, hospital, or to see their physician to determine if more care is necessary. This conscious infant choking procedure is extremely effective if you perform the back slaps and chest thrusts properly. If you weren't able to remove the obstruction, the infant will go unconscious pretty quickly. Call 911 immediately and activate EMS or call in a code if in a healthcare setting. Then begin performing the unconscious infant choking procedure. A Word About Pediatric Considerations Young children are more prone to choking on small objects like toys, buttons, coins, and balloons. Food, too, is a bigger threat for children under four years old because they don't have a full set of teeth at that age, which means they aren't able to chew their food as well as older children. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends not giving any firm, round food to children under four years old unless it is cut into smaller pieces – ideally smaller than half an inch. They also recommend keeping the following food items away from younger children: Hot dogs Nuts and seeds Chunks of meat or cheese Whole grapes Hard, gooey or sticky candy Popcorn Chunks of peanut butter Raw vegetables Raisins Chewing gum According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), balloons represent the greatest threat to young children, as more have suffocated on non-inflated balloons and pieces of broken balloons than any other type of toy. It's also important to remember to get permission from a parent or legal guardian, if present, before helping a choking infant or child.  https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13022/conscious-infant-choking-2025.jpg Yes 213 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/unconscious-infant-choking-first-aid https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7182.mp4 Unconscious Infant Choking This unconscious infant choking lesson is for situations where you find an infant who is unconscious, and you suspect they became unresponsive due to an airway obstruction. Ideally, either you or a bystander witnessed the victim choking before they went unconscious. Through further assessment, you find that the infant isn't breathing normally. Any attempts to deliver a rescue breath have failed, most likely due to an obstruction. In this scenario, you would treat this patient as an unconscious infant choking victim. The method of care will closely resemble performing CPR on an infant, however there are subtle differences to pay attention to. How to Provide Care As always, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and that your gloves are on. Make sure you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve handy. Assess the infant to make sure he or she is not breathing normally and is unconscious. Call 911 and activate EMS or call in a code if you're in a healthcare setting. If there is a bystander nearby, you can ask for their help – calling 911, locating an AED, etc. Then go right into chest compressions. Pro Tip #1: While repetitive and maybe not necessary, it bears repeating: The prevalence of technology has reached a point where everyone has a cell phone or mobile device. And those devices tend to have speakers making them hands-free. Also remember that in an emergency your adrenaline will likely be spiked and your brain mildly dazed and confused. If you're having trouble remembering your rescue skills, dispatch can help. Draw an imaginary line across the infant's nipples and place your two thumbs on the lower part of the sternum in the center of the infant's chest. Your fingers should be wrapping around the infant’s chest. Alternatively, you may also use the heel of one hand in the center of the chest. Stand or kneel directly over the patient's chest. As less pressure is needed when performing CPR on infants, and count as you perform them. Conduct 30 chest compressions that go to a depth of 1/3 of the infant's chest cavity, which should be around 1.5 inches deep, and at a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to two compressions per second. Grab the rescue mask and seal it over the victim's face and nose. Pro Tip #2: It's important to have a properly sized rescue mask. In other words, one that fits the size of the victim's face. If you have an infant mask, use that.  If you can, place something firm under the infant's shoulders to lengthen the neck a little and create a neutral or slightly sniffing head position. Here’s the difference between CPR and unconscious choking - open the airway and look for the object before giving your two breaths. If you see the object, use your pinky finger to sweep out the object. Never do a finger sweep unless you see the object. Place the rescue mask and breathe into the mask and wait for the chest to rise and fall. If the chest doesn't rise, reposition the head and chin and try again. If the second breath also doesn't result in a chest rise, go right back into your 30 chest compressions. Look in their mouth again after the 30 chest compressions. If you see an object, sweep it out and try two more rescue breaths. Pro Tip #3: Because infants' mouths are small, it's best to use your pinky finger combined with a hooking motion to sweep out obstructions. If the rescue breaths go in this time – causing the chest to rise and fall – check for breathing. If after no more than 10 seconds, you do not see, hear, or feel breathing, start CPR. >Continue until help arrives, an AED arrives, or the victim is responding positively and breathing normally. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13024/unconscious-infant-choking-2025.jpg Yes 217 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/shock-lay-rescuer https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7184.mp4 Shock Shock is a progressive condition in which the circulatory system fails to adequately circulate oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. It is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical care as it is a multi-symptom and complex condition. When organs don't receive enough blood, the body begins to conserve blood flow by limiting it to legs, arms, and the skin. This insufficient blood volume is one thing that can lead to shock, as can low levels of plasma and fluids in the blood and airway obstruction. There are several types of shock, including psychological shock – a psychological condition in which worry and concern send a person into shock, rather than a physical condition. While this shock lesson is in the bleeding control section, it's important to understand that any first aid emergency could send a person into shock. Pro Tip #1: The important thing to remember with shock is that the symptoms are the same regardless of what contributes to it. It's a serious condition that warrants rapid treatment and an immediate 911 call. Besides psychological shock, there are four main types. The Four Main Types of Shock Hypovolemic Shock Hypovolemic shock is caused by a severe lack of blood and bodily fluids. The most common types of hypovolemic shock is dehydration and hemorrhagic shock, which occurs as a result of significant water or blood loss. Obstructive Shock Obstructive shock is caused by an obstruction to blood flow usually within the blood vessels, like a pulmonary embolism – a blood clot in a lung artery. Distributive Shock When there is an inadequate distribution of blood that results in low levels of blood returning to the heart, this can cause distributive shock. Examples include septic shock (due to toxins), anaphylactic shock (due to food allergies), and neurogenic shock (due to spinal cord or brain trauma). Pro Tip #2: One item to keep in mind is when you think of shock, it is the pale, cool, clammy skin. Which is true, unless we have distributive shock. Since distributive shock causes blood vessels to dilate (expand), this causes increased blood flow to the skin often making it warm and flushed (red). Cardiogenic Shock Cardiogenic shock is the result of the heart being unable to pump correctly to supply enough blood to vital organs. This can be caused by an injury to the heart, disease, or trauma. How to Provide Care Of course, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe, your gloves are on, and that you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve available if necessary. Warning: If at any point the victim stops breathing normally or becomes unresponsive, begin CPR (or rescue breathing) immediately and continue until medical professionals arrive. Pro Tip #3: The goal of care when the victim is in shock is to find and fix the problem that's sending them into shock. In the case of bleeding injuries, controlling blood loss is the first priority to help allow enough oxygenated blood to circulate, thereby keeping cells and vital organs working properly. The first step is to recognize the signs and symptoms of shock and realize that these can all progress and therefore should be monitored periodically. Look for these early signs of shock: Nervousness Rapid heart rate or breathing Anxiousness Sweaty Fearful Clammy skin As shock progresses, the victim's skin could become more pale, clammier, and the other symptoms could get worse. Clammy skin, incidentally, is due to a restriction in blood flow to the skin and extremities. Pro Tip #4: If you suspect shock, pinch a toenail or fingernail and measure the capillary response – the length of time it takes for blood to refill that nail. If it's more than a few seconds, your victim is likely in shock. How to Deal with a Shock Victim Your quick and competent response may be the difference between life and death. If you suspect the victim is in shock, proceed with the following steps. Call 911 or EMS. Depending on the cause of the shock, time is critical to get them to advance care. Always ensure scene safety for you and other bystanders. Maintain the victim's airway and help them breathe if they're not able to on their own. Begin CPR if unresponsive and not breathing. Help improve their circulation by controlling any bleeding. Start with the worst bleed, first, but all bleeding should be as controlled as possible. Place the victim flat on their back if possible. Do not elevate the legs if injury is suspected or if it causes discomfort. If a victim is breathing normally, but is unconscious with no concerns of spinal injury, another option is the recovery position. This is a great way to protect their airway. Cover the victim with a blanket or coat. Insulate them as best you can and keep them warm. This will help their bodies combat the effects of shock. Do not give shock victims anything to eat or drink as this could cause nausea and vomiting, which in turn can make the shock worse, not to mention this risk of blocking the airway. Stay with the patient and keep them calm. A Few Common Shock Questions Are there any tests I can perform on the victim to better help identify shock? If you suspect shock, pinch a toenail or fingernail and measure the capillary response – the length of time it takes for blood to refill that nail bed. If it's more than a few seconds – or the time it takes to say capillary refill – your victim is likely in shock. How do I know when to call 911? It's always better to be safe than sorry, so call 911 any time it's an actual emergency or if you're unsure what to do or overwhelmed, and how exactly that's defined will vary from rescuer to rescuer. However, as it pertains to this lesson, always call 911 immediately as soon as you suspect shock or as soon as the victim loses consciousness or begins having breathing issues. In other words, err on the side of victim safety. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13028/shock-2025.jpg Yes 143 https://www.studentcpr.com/training/video/conscious-child-choking https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7180.mp4 Conscious Child Choking This conscious child choking lesson is for situations where you can see that a child is choking and he or she is conscious. The choking victim will usually be exhibiting some unmistakable signs, including: They cannot cough They cannot breathe They cannot speak Another sign to look for is the universal sign for choking – when the victim places both of their hands around their throat. Remember to only worry about calling 911 and activating EMS if doing so is quick and easy, or there is another person nearby that can call. Otherwise, don't waste time calling 911 and go right into assessing the victim. How to Provide Care The first thing you want to do is face the child and look them in the eyes. You want confirmation that the victim is choking, and you want to receive permission to help the child. "Are you choking?" The child will probably nod yes. "May I help you?" You'll likely get another nod. Don't wait too long to receive permission, as children may be a little more flustered than adults. Pro Tip #1: With children, they may not have the same level of awareness as adults. If they're only nodding or making gagging, high-pitched squeaking sounds, these are good indications that the airway is fully obstructed. Pro Tip #2: If the child can respond verbally, that means that they are able to move enough air past the larynx to speak. This is a good indication that something may be stuck but that the airway isn't obstructed. Or it could indicate a partial obstruction of the airway. If there is a parent or legal guardian present, make sure to get permission before beginning the following procedure. Back Blows Technique for Children Stand to the side and slightly behind the victim, but facing them with feet shoulder width apart. You may kneel if needed. Support the victim with the seatbelt hold. For this, take one arm and use it to support the chest. Then, lean them forward. Take the heel of your other hand and locate the center of their back between their shoulder blades (scapula)  and deliver 5 forceful back blows. If the airway is still obstructed, move to abdominal thrusts.   Abdominal Thrust Technique for Children Elevate the victim's arms and elbows so you have clear access to the abdominal area. Locate the belly button using the index finger on your dominant hand and hold it there. This is the landmark you'll use to find the correct abdominal point. Warning: It's important that when helping a choking victim who's shorter than yourself, that you lower yourself to their height. This will limit unnecessary pressure on the rib cage and prevent broken ribs or other possible harm while you perform the abdominal thrusts. On your non-dominant hand, tuck in your thumb and place your fist thumb-first above the finger that's on the belly button, essentially stacking one on top of the other vertically. Remember to stay below the bottom tip of the rib cage (xyphoid process) and above the belly button. This is the diaphragmatic region where you'll be performing the abdominal thrusts. Take your index finger off the belly button and wrap that dominant hand over your other hand that's positioned on the victim's diaphragm. Lower yourself to the height of the child. Keep your elbows out so they're resting on the victim's ribs as little as possible. Thrust up and in and turn your hands upward as you perform each thrust. Perform five abdominal thrusts unless the object comes out or the child becomes unresponsive. Remember to turn your hands upward as you perform each thrust, as this will bring the diaphragm up and in and compress the lower lobes of the lungs, forcing air to shoot up the trachea and pop the obstruction out. This works in the majority of choking situations. If after the five abdominal thrusts, the object is still not out, alternate between 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts. Once the object comes out, the child will begin coughing to help clear the airway and should begin breathing normally again in a matter of seconds. Encourage the victim and let the child know that he or she is OK now and have them sit down if necessary. Children may experience more confusion and fear than adults, so letting them know that they'll be fine is important. If you called 911, let them come anyway, so the child can be examined. EMS responders can check the choking victim's airway and listen to their lungs to make certain that there are no partial obstructions remaining. Advanced medical evaluation is still usually encouraged to ensure there are no interal injuries. Pro Tip #3: If you did not call 911, it's always a good idea for you or someone else to take the child into an urgent care center, hospital, or to see their physician. With children, don't leave it up to them to determine if more care is necessary. If you weren't able to remove the obstruction using the abdominal thrust technique, the child will go unconscious pretty quickly. Help lower them to the ground, so they don't fall and injure themselves. Call 911 immediately and activate EMS or call in a code if in a healthcare setting. Then begin performing the unconscious child choking procedure. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13020/conscious-child-choking-2025.jpg Yes 222